Principleofconversation Conversationalimplicature Principleofconversation Cooperativeprinciple CP AccordingtoGrice inmakingconversation thereisageneralprinciplewhichallparticipantsareexpectedtoobserve 合作原则 CooperativePrinciple 在语言交际活动中为了达到特定的目的 说话人和听话人之间存在一种默契 一种双方都应遵守的原则 FourmaximsofCP Themaximofquality Donotsaywhatyoubelievetobefalse Donotsaythatforwhichyoulackadequateevidence Themaximofquantity Makeyourcontributionasinformativeasrequiredforthecurrentpurposeoftheexchange Donotmakeyourcontributionmoreinformativethanisrequired Themaximofrelation Berelevant makeyourcontributionrelevant Themaximofmanner Avoidobscurityofexpression Avoidambiguity Bebrief Beorderly Conversationalimplicature Inrealcommunication however speakersdonotalwaysobservethesemaximsstrictly Thesemaximscanbeviolated 违反 forvariousreasons Whenanyofthemaximsisblatantly 公然地 violated i e boththespeakerandthehearerareawareoftheviolation ourlanguagebecomesindirect thenconversationalimplicaturearises ViolationofMaximofquality Heismadeofiron Everynicegirllovesasailor I mnotsureifIwillneedthis buthereitisanyway Violationofmaximofquantity Atapartyayoungmanintroduceshimselfbysaying I mRobertSampsonfromLeeds 28 unmarried Wariswar Boysareboys A WhenisSusan sfarewellparty B Sometimenextmonth Violationofmaximofrelation A Thehostessisanawfulbore B Therosesinthegardenarebeautiful aren tthey A Whattimeisit B Thepostmanhasjustarrived Violationofmaximofmanner A Shallwegetsomethingforthekids B Yes ButIvetoI C E C R E A M