本科毕业设计外文文献及译文文献、资料题目：Fruit and Vegetables in the American Diet: Data from the NHANES 11 Survey文献、资料来源： American Journal of Public Health 文献、资料发表（出版）日期：1990院 （部）： 市政与环境工程学院专 业： 生物工程班 级： 生物092姓 名： 学 号： 2009041150指导教师： 翻译日期： 2013.6.6山东建筑大学毕业设计外文文献及译文外文文献 ： Fruit and Vegetables in the American Diet: Data from the NHANES 11 Survey BLOSSOM H. PArrERSON, MA, GLADYS BLOCK, PHD, WILLIAM F. ROSENBERGER, MPHIL,DAVID PEE, MPHIL, AND LISA L. KAHLE, BAAbstract Twenty-four hour dietary recall data from the Second National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (1976-80) were used to estimate the numbers of servings of fruit and vegetables consumed by Black and White adults, to examine the types of servings (e.g., potatoes, garden vegetables, fruit, and juice), and to estimate the mean intake of calories, fat, dietary fiber, and vitamins A and C by number of servings. An estimated 45 percent of the population had no servings of fruit or juice and 22 percent had no servings of a vegetable on the recall day. Only 27 percent consumed the three or more servings of vegetables and 29 percent had the two or more servings of fruit recommended by the US Departments of Agriculture and of Health and Human Services; 9 percent had both. Consumption was lower among Blacks than Whites. The choice of vegetables lacked variety. Diets including at least three servings of vegetables and two servings of fruit contained about 17 grams of dietary fiber. Although caloric and fat intake increased with increasing servings of fruit and vegetables, the percent of calories from fat remained relatively constant. Although these data are 10 years old, more recent surveys have shown similar results. The discrepancy between dietary guidelines and the actual diet suggests a need for extensive public education. (Am J Public Health 1990; 80:1443-1449)IntroductionIn a recent article, it was found that a large proportion of the adult United States population eats no vegetables (0.17)or fruit (0.41) on any given day. The Surgeon Generals Report on Nutrition and Health2 recommends increasing consumption of vegetables and fruit. Based on a comprehensive literature review, the National Academy of Sciences(NAS) concluded that diet influences the risk of several major chronic diseases and recommended eating five or more daily servings of a combination of vegetables and fruit, especially green and yellow vegetables and citrus fruit.3 The US Department of Agriculture (USDA) and the Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS) recommend as part of their food guidance system that the daily diet include two to three servings of fruit and three to five servings of vegetables.45 These specific recommendations are in the context of general recommendations for a diet that meets nutrient requirements, does not include excessive amounts of fat (in particular saturated fats), and is consistent with maintaining desirable weight. It is important therefore to determine what relation increased fruit and vegetable consumption might have, not only to intake of obviously related nutrients such as vitamins A and C but also to fat intake and maintenance of appropriate body weight. In the NHANES II data, collected between 1976 and 1980, it is possible to examine these relationships in self-selected diets that were actually consumed during a 24-hour period by a representative sample of US adults.The article mentioned above described the proportions of the US population that consumed any amount of a given food, however large or small; no attempt was made to determine the number of servings consumed. In the present inquiry we estimate the number of servings consumed, taking portion size into account. We also examine the intake of calories, fat, fiber, and vitamins A and C in the diets of persons consuming various numbers of servings of fruit and vegetables. While it is obvious that intake of vitamins A and C would increase with increasing numbers of servings, the relative contribution of fruit versus vegetables is not well known, nor is the nutrient intake actually achieved in self-selected diets. Similarly, the dietary fiber intake contained in diets including multiple servings of fruit and vegetables may be inadequately appreciated by the general public.Methods The NHANES II survey was conducted by the National Center for Health Statistics between 1976 and 1980.6A highly stratified multi-stage probability design was used to obtain a representative sample of the civilian no institutionalized population, ages six months to 74 years; we report on 10,313 White and 1,335 Black adults ages 19 to 74. We excluded other races because of small numbers, as well as imputed, unreliable, or surrogate data. Results are based on weighted data, permitting inference about the total Black and White noninstitutionalized US population.7 Group means and standard errors were calculated using soft