Fiction虚构 小说 Aprosenarrativethatistheproductoftheimagination Storiesatleastpartiallyimagined Anarrativetoldinprose Novel小说 Longfictionalprosenarrative ShortStory Ashortworkofnarrativeprosefiction Thedistinctionbetweentheshortstoryandnovelismainlyoneoflength ElementsofFiction PlotCharacter CharacterizationThemePointofviewToneStyleSymbol Plot Story Anarrativeofeventsarrangedinatemporalsequence Plot AStoryLine Aparticulararrangementofeventsinanovelaimedatrevealingtheircausalrelationshipsoratconveyingthenovelist sideas Eg Thekingdiedandthenthequeendied AstoryThekingdiedandthenthequeendiedofgrief Aplot 情节与故事 故事是按照时间顺序加以排列的事件叙述 而小说情节虽也是事件叙述 但着重因果关系 当然可以由果求因 也可以由因及果 于是就会加强对矛盾 冲突的描写 而对结果提出合理的解释 所以面对故事 我们最常问的是 然后呢 然而面对情节 我们要问的反而是 为什么 因为一本结构紧密的小说 其中必然是相关因果互击 当中千头万绪 繁杂错乱 读者必须运用记忆 掌握因果始终 同时加上智慧 对情节中的悬宕 suspension 加以推敲 如此阅读小说的目的反而不是快得到结局 而是过程中抽丝剥茧 步步为营的乐趣了 Plot Theelementoffictionthatsetsup develops andresolvesaconflict Conflict冲突 Theessenceoffictioncreatingplot Thestruggleorencounterwithintheplotoftwoopposingforcesthatservestocreatereaderoraudienceinterestandsuspense KindsofConflict ExternalConflict外部冲突 Physical moralorpsychologicalcontestbetweenantagonisticcharacters ManversusManManversusNatureManversusSociety Manvs Man Theprotagonistinthestoryexperiencesconflictwithothers especiallytheantagonist Manvs Nature Theprotagonistinthestoryexperiencesconflictwiththeelementsofnature Manvs Society Theprotagonistinthestoryexperiencesconflictwithsocietyasawhole InternalConflict内部冲突 Moral psychological orspiritualstrugglewithinthecharacteritself ManversusSelf Manvs Self Theprotagonistinthestoryexperiencesconflictwithherorhisconscience FiveStagesofPlot 2 1 3 4 5 1 Exposition 开端InitiatingAction Thepartofaworkthatprovidesnecessarybackgroundinformation Thisusuallyoccursatthebeginningofashortstory Herethecharactersareintroduced Wealsolearnaboutthesettingofthestory Mostimportantly weareintroducedtothemainconflict mainproblem 2 Complication 发展RisingAction Thepartoftheplotinwhichtheconflictisdevelopedandintensified Abuildingofinterestorsuspenseoccurs 2 Complication 3 Crisis 高潮Climax Thatpointduringtheplotwhentheactionreachesitsturningpoint Thisistheturningpointofthestory Usuallythemaincharactercomesfacetofacewithaconflict Themaincharacterwillchangeinsomeway 4 FallingAction 逆转 Themomentwhenthetensionsubsidesandtheplotmovestowardsitsresolution 4 FallingAction Alllooseendsoftheplotaretiedup Theconflict s andclimaxaretakencareof 5 Resolution 结局 Thefinalsectionoftheplotinwhichthemajorconflict issue orproblemisresolved 5 Resolution Thestorycomestoareasonableending PuttingItAllTogether 1 Exposition2 Complication3 Crisis4 FallingAction5 Resolution BeginningofStory MiddleofStory EndofStory DifferentWaysofArrangingEventsinPlot 1 Arrangingtheeventschronologically accordingtotheiroccurrenceintime 2 Rearrangingthechronologyandinvertingtheusualorderofbeginningandending SpecialTechniquesofPlot 1 Flashback倒叙Retrospect Theinterruptionofastory snarrativeinordertopresentanearliersceneorepisode AmethodofExposition Eg Shiftfrompresidentinovalofficetoascenefromhishighschoolexperience 2 Foreshadowing铺垫 伏笔 Adevicebymeansofwhichtheauthorhintsatsth tofollow Eg Violentstormsindicateviolencetocomeinplot 3 Suspense悬念 Thepsychologicaltensionoranxietyresultingfromthereader soraudience suncertaintyofjusthowasituationorconflictislikelytoend 4 Subplot次要情节MinorPlot Underplot Asecondaryactionorcomplicationwithinafictionalordramaticworkthatoftenservestoreinforceorcontrastthemainplot AnalyzingPlot 1 Whataretheconflictsonwhichtheplotturns Aretheyexternal internal orsomecombinationofthetwo 2 Whatarethechiefepisodesorincidentsthatmakeuptheplot Isitsdevelopmentstrictlychronological oristhechronologyrearrangedinsomeway 3 Comparetheplot sbeginningandend Whatessentialchangeshavetakenplace 4 Describetheplotintermsofitsexposition complication crisis fallingactionandresolution 5 Istheplotunified Dotheindividualepisodeslogicallyrelatetooneanother 6 Istheendingappropriatetoandconsistentwiththerestoftheplot 7 Istheplotplausible Whatrole ifany dochanceandcoincidenceplay TheStoryofanHour Episodes TheStoryofanHour isaverybriefshortstoryaboutonehourinthelifeofLouiseMallard Asthestorybegins thenarratorrevealsthatMrs Mallardhas hearttrouble HersisterJosephineandherhusband sfriendRichardshavecometoherafterhearingofarailroaddisasterthathasresultedinthedeathofMr Mallard BothareconcernedthatthenewswillmakeMrs MallardillandJosephinetakesgreatcaretotellherthenewsascautiouslyassheisable Mrs Mallardreactstothenewswith sudden wildabandonment andlocksherselfinherbedroom InthesolitudeofherroomMrs Mallardunderstandsthefundamentalchangetakingplaceinherlife Shesitsinachair nolongercrying lookingoutthewindowatthe newspringlife She suspendsintelligentthought andfearfullywaitsfora subtleandelusive ideato possessher Shebeginstocomprehendthatsheisjoyfulthatherhusbandisdead butsheattemptstosuppressthethought OnceMrs Mallardacceptsthefeeling eventhoughsheknowsthatherhusbandhadreallylovedher sheisecstaticthatshewi