文体学复习UnitOne1.Stylistics:Adisciplinethatstudiesthewaysinwhichlanguageisused；itisadisciplinethatstudiesthestylesoflanguageinuse.2.SubdivisionofStylistics:GeneralandLiteraryUnitTwo1.WhyshouldwestudyStylistics?A.Ithelpscultivateasenseofappropriateness.B.Itsharpenstheunderstandingandappreciationofliteraryworks.C.Ithelpsachieveadaptationintranslation.UnitThree1.Dialects:Languagevariationsthatareassociatedwithdifferentusersofthelanguage.2.Registers:Languagevariationsthatareassociatedwiththedifferentusetowhichtheyareput.3.PatternsofDialects:Individual;Temporal;Regional;SocialandStandard,amongwhichSocialdialectcanbefurtherdividedintosocioeconomicstatus,ethnic,genderandagevariety.4.PatternsofRegisters:Fieldofdiscourse;ModeofdiscourseandTenorofdiscourse.Unit51.Formality:Itreferstothewayinwhichthestyleoflanguagewillvaryinappropriatenessaccordingtothesocialcontext:theoccasionandtherelationshipbetweenaddresserandaddressee.2.Twomainfactorsthatvarythedegreeofformality:FunctionalTenorandSpeechSituation.FunctionalTenor:tellsustheaddressersintentionofusingthelanguage.SpeechSituation:Inordertochooseanappropriatespotonthecontinuum,the speakermustassessthespeechsituation-thesetting,purpose,audience,socialrelations,andtopic.3.MartinJoosClassificationA.thefrozenlevel:writtenlegaldocumentsorhighlysolemnspeech.B.theformallevel:usedforpublicaddresssuchaslecturesorspeecheswheretheaudienceisnotknowntothespeakerpersonallyorwherepersonalacquaintanceisnotacknowledged.C.theconsultativelevel:Lessformalgatheringssuchascommitteemeetingswherestatusisstillfairlyclearlydesigned,butwhereparticipantsinteract.D.thecasuallevel:Amongfriends,orpeerswhoknoweachotherwellenoughthatlittleelaborationisnecessary.E.theintimatelevel:betweenpeoplewhoseeeachotherdailyandsharethemajorityoftheirdailylifeexperiences.Unit 6 1. Distinctions among speech: Speech can be spontaneous (conversing v. monologuing) and non-spontaneous (sub-categorized as reciting). 2. Distinctions among writing: The text that has been written may be written to be spoken as if not written (the lines in a drama), written to be spoken (scripts for sermons, speeches, lectures, news bulletins and commentaries), or even written not necessarily to be spoken with no relation to the spoken mode (telephone book or dictionaries), and written not necessarily to be spoken but with a relationship with the spoken mode(dialogue in a novel) .Unit7Conversation1.GrammaticalfeaturesofconversationA.preferenceforshortandloosesentencesB.highincidenceofellipticalandincompletesentencesC.frequencyofinterrogativesentencesD.simplenominalandverbalgroupstructure2.LexicalfeaturesA.preferenceforshortwordsandvagueexpressionB.frequentuseofcolloquialitemsandidiomsandagreatmanyphrasalverbsC.useoflexicalhyperboleandofslang3.PhonologicalfeaturesA.frequentuseofsomebasicprosodicpattern(Thereisahighproportionofsimplefallingtones.)B.prosodicvariationwithinthetone-unitC.frequencyofpauseanduneventempoD.freeoccurrenceofparalinguisticeffects4.SemanticfeaturesA.randomnessofsubjectmatterandgenerallackofplanningB.cohesivedeviceisverymarkedbythefrequentuseofpersonalpronounreference,cross-referenceusingarticlesanddeterminersanduseofcoordinatingconjunction.Unit8PublicSpeech1.GrammaticalfeaturesofpublicspeechA.variationinsentencelength,asitreflectstheemotionalstateofmindofthespeakerandhis/herefforttoevokeanactiveresponsefromtheaudience.B.varioussentencetypes(mostofthemarestatements,occasionalquestionsareused;vocativesareusedtoaddatouchofintimacytotheaddresser-addresseerelationship)C.morecomplex-lookinggroupstructures(nominalgroupsaremorewithpostmodificationthanwithpremodification.2.LexicalfeaturesA.usingaccurateandcleanwords(muchuseofabstractwordsorevenbigwords)B.adaptationofwordingtoparticularaudienceC.lessuseofphrasalverbs3.PhonologicalfeaturesA.appropriatevolumeandpitchvariationB.varyingtempoandrightlytimepauseC.rhythmiceffectD.distinctarticulationE.fulluseofnon-verbalcommunication4.semanticfeaturesA.effectivewaysoforganization(problem-solutionorder)Fivestepsofpsychologyofpersuasion:Attention-Need-Satisfaction-Visualization-Action.Connectivesinpublicspeaking:theuseoftransitionalphrases,internalpreviewsandsummaries,and