Unit2 Marrakech Contents 1 Backgroundinformation2 Typeofwriting3 Organizationstructure4 Detailedstudy5 Exercises 1 Backgroundinformation MarrakechAuthorandhisworks Morocco 摩洛哥 Morocco a LocatedinNorthAfrica ontheMediterraneanSeaandtheAtlanticOceanb About2000B C settledbyBerbertribes theninvadedbyArabsinthe7thcentury bringingwiththemIslam c In1912 aFranco SpanishagreementdividedMoroccointo4administrativezones FrenchMorocco Spanishprotectorate 保护国 asouthernprotectorateandaninternationalzone d Gainedindependencein1956andbecameaconstitutionalmonarchy 君主国 in1957 MoroccoisamemberoftheUnitedNations theLeagueofArabStates andtheOrganizationofAfricanUnity e People mostMuslims Most 70 Moroccansarefarmers usingcamels donkeysandmulestopullplows tryingtogrowtheirownfood IntheSouthafewtribesmenstillwanderfromplacetoplaceinthedesert f Islam thestatereligiong Arabic theofficiallanguage FrenchandSpanishalsospoken NationalflagofMorocco Marrakech Marrakechisnotonlyafantasticcity itisalsoasymboloftheMoroccothatoncewas andwhichstillsurviveshere Thestreetsoftheoldandpinkcityhavebeentoonarrowtoallowtheintroductionofcars andtouristssearchingforthe real MoroccohaveturnedthemedievalstructuresofMarrakechintogoodbusiness Itwasfoundedin1062andwasthecapitalofMoroccofromthenuntil1147andagainfrom1550to1660 ItwascapturedbytheFrenchin1912 Ithasextremelyhotsummerbutmildwinters Thecityrenownedforleathergoods isoneoftheprincipalcommercialcentersofMorocco Themarket1 Themarket2 Marrakech Authorandhisworks GeorgeOrwell 1903 1950 thepseudonymofEricArthurBlairaBritishnovelistandessayistbetweenthesecondworldwarmuchpraisedinthewestpartlybecauseofhisanti communistpointofview borninIndia hisfather asocalledempire builder servingtheBritishgovernmentabroad receivedgoodeducationinBritainandstudiedinthemostfamousschool Eden traveledwidely includingMarrakech Histravelmadehimtakeahostileattitudetowardimperialism Heshoweddeepsympathyforthepoorandbecameafirmsupporterofsocialism joinedSpanishwarandwasseriouslywounded TheSpanishsocialistforcesdividedintofaction Thefactionhebelongedtowaspersecuted Sohebecamesopessimisticanddepressed whichledhimtowardanti communistattitude Hisworks DownandOutinParisandLondon1933AClergyman sDaughter1935KeeptheAspidistraFlying1936ComingupforAir1940动物农庄AnimalFarm1945NineteenEighty Four1949 动物农庄AnimalFarm1945 asatiricalfantasyattackingcommunismhisreputationasananticommunistwriter Allofhisworks thesociopoliticalconditionsofhistime notablywiththeproblemofhumanfreedomHisworksshowsharppowersofobservationanddeepsympathyforsufferingpeople Hisworksgiveadeepsenseofconvictionandurgency TheuseofEnglishisclear simpleanddirect withnoformalityofembellishment Addition decoration hesaidhisidealwastowriteproselikeawindowpane Inreadinghisworks severalaspectsdrawourattention 2 Typeofwriting Description dealswithappearancesandfeelingsNarration dealswitheventsandexperienceExposition dealswithprocessesandrelationshipsArgumentation thepurposeofargumentationistoconvince Argumentativeessaysshouldhaveadebatablepoint sufficientevidence andgoodandclearlogic 2 Typeofwriting Itisanexposition apoliticalessay Orwellleavesnodoubtabouthisfeelingsconcerningcolonialismanditsresults Hehasshownthereaderhowmillionsofpeoplecanbeignoredandtreatedaslessthanhuman Exposition Expositionmeansexplaining Thewriterappealstoareader sunderstandingwithverifiablefactsandvalidinformation explainingandinterpretingthatmaterialssothatthereaderwillaccepthispointofvieworexplanation Thushemustorganizeanddevelophisthoughtobjectivelyandpresentitwithhonestyandcompletenesssothatthereaderwillhaveconfidenceinwhatheissaying Exposition Expositionisperhapsthetypeofwritingthatismostfrequentlyusedbyastudent ascientist oraprofessional Exposition expoundingexplaining Exposition Anexpositorypaperexplainsorexploressomething suchastheprocessofmakingamachine thecausesofanaturalorsocialphenomenon theplanningofaproject orthesolutionofaproblem Thesis thecentralthoughtorpurposeThethesismaybesupportedanddeveloped Comparisonandcontrast analogy classification illustration analysis definition etc Exposition ThingscanbeexplainedbyDefinitionListingExamplesClassificationComparisonandcontrast Definition Thekeytoadefinitionisconcreteness Onehastogiveconcretefactstomakeadefinitioneffective 2 Listing Wemusthaveenoughnumberofitemstobelisted Then ifpossible arrangetheitemsinthegradedorderofincreasingimportance 3 Examples It sthesimplest themostcommon bestmethod 4 Classification Wehavetofollowasystemconsistently Thecategoriesofdivisionshouldbemutuallyexclusive Thereshouldbenooverlapping Oneitemcanbelongtoonecategoryandonlyone 5 Comparisonandcontrast Weliken 把 比作 onethingtoanotherbypointingouttheirsimilarities comparison Weemphasizethedifferencebetweenthetwo contrast Organizationalpattern Sect 1 para1 2 Sect 2 para3 Sect 3 para4 7 Sect 4 para8 15 Sect 5 para16 18 Sect 6 para19 21 Sect 7 para22 26 Organizationalpattern Sect 1 para1 2 objectivepresentationofExample1Sect 2 para3 thethesis Allcolonialempiresarefoundeduponthisfact Se