免疫学 Immunology 2 专业选修 90.0 Immunology is a branch of biomedical science that covers the study of all aspects of the immune system in all organisms. It deals with the physiological functioning of the immune system in states of both health and diseases; malfunctions of the immune system in immunological disorders (autoimmune diseases, hypersensitivities, immune deficiency, transplant rejection); the physical, chemical and physiological characteristics of the components of the immune system 免疫学是生物医学科学的一个分支覆盖的所有方面的研究在所有生物体的免疫系统。它处理 生理运作的免疫系统的健康和疾病。免疫系统的故障在免疫失调(自身免疫性疾病,过敏、免疫缺陷、移植排斥反应);物理、化学和生理特性组件的免疫系统。The key primary lymphoid organs of the immune system are the thymus and bone marrow, and secondary lymphatic tissues such as spleen, tonsils, lymph vessels, lymph nodes, adenoids, and skin and liver. When health conditions warrant, immune system organs including the thymus, spleen, portions of bone marrow, lymph nodes and secondary lymphatic tissues can be surgically excised for examination while patients are still alive.关键的主要免疫系统的淋巴器官是胸腺和骨髓,和二次淋巴组织如脾脏,扁桃体,淋巴管、淋巴结、皮肤和肝脏。当卫生条件允许,免疫系统器官包括胸腺、脾脏、部分骨髓、淋巴结和二次淋巴组织可以通过手术切除为考试而病人仍然活着。Many components of the immune system are actually cellular in nature and not associated with any specific organ but rather are embedded or circulating in various tissues located throughout the body.免疫系统的许多组件实际上是细胞在自然和没有参与任何特定的器官而是嵌入或循环在各种组织坐落在整个身体。 免疫学实验 Experiment of Immunology 1 专业选修 93.0 An experiment in immunology is a method of investigating immunological responses to antigens, or detecting and characterizing antibodies and lymphocytes. Findings from these experiments can be used to manipulate the immune system and develop drugs to combat immunological diseases. 免疫学实验是调查机体对抗原反应的一种方法,观察和检测抗体和淋巴细胞。这些实验结果可以用来控制免疫系统和开发药物治疗免疫性疾病。Experimental immunologists study responses to simple antigens through immunization, the deliberate induction of an immune response in animal or human subjects.The immunized subject is then monitored for antibody response. This often involves the analysis of antiserum samples that contain specific antibodies against the immunizing antigen, and blood lymphocytes from lymphoid organs for examination of T cell-mediated responses.实验免疫学家研究通过免疫反应,简单的抗原,故意诱导免疫反应在动物或人类的学科。免疫的主体然后见识抗体反应。这通常涉及到抗血清样本的分析包含特定抗体免疫抗原,和血液淋巴细胞从淋巴器官的T细胞反应检查植物生物学大实验 Comprehensive Experiment in Plant Physiology 2 必修 91.0 环境微生物工程 Environmental Microbial Engineering 2 专业选修 93.0 微生物学大实验 Comprehensive Experiment in Microbiology 2 必修 87.0 微生物肥料与农药 Microbial Fertilizers and Pesticides 2 专业选修 88.0 A biofertilizeris a substance which contains living microorganisms which, when applied to seed, plant surfaces, or soil, colonizes the rhizosphere or the interior of the plant and promotes growth by increasing the supply or availability of primary nutrients to the host plant.Bio-fertilizers add nutrients through the natural processes of nitrogen fixation, solubilizing phosphorus, and stimulating plant growth through the synthesis of growth-promoting substances. Bio-fertilizers can be expected to reduce the use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides.生物肥料)是一种物质含有微生物,当应用于种子,植物表面,或土壤，施肥根际或室内植物和促进增长,增加供给或可用性的主要营养成分的寄主植物。生物肥料添加营养物质通过自然过程的固氮、增溶的磷、和刺激植物生长通过合成促生长的物质。生物肥料将降低使用化学肥料和杀虫剂。 The microorganisms in bio-fertilizers restore the soils natural nutrient cycle and build soil organic matter. Through the use of bio-fertilizers, healthy plants can be grown, while enhancing the sustainability and the health of the soil. 微生物在生物肥料恢复土壤的天然养分循环和建立土壤有机质。通过使用生物肥料,健康的植物可以种植,而加强了可持续发展和健康的土壤。Biopesticides, , include several types of pest management intervention: through predatory, parasitic, or chemical relationships. The term has been associated historically with biological control - and by implication - the manipulation of living organisms. 生物农药,包括几种类型的害虫管理干预:通过掠夺性,寄生,或化学的关系。这个词已与生物防治相关历史上并暗示着操纵生物体 They are typically created by growing and concentrating naturally occurring organisms and/or their metabolites including bacteria and other microbes, fungi, nematodes, proteins,etc. They are often considered to be important components ofintegrated pest management(IPM) programmes, and have received much practical attention as substitutes to synthetic chemical plant protection products.他们通常是由生长和浓缩天然生物和/或其代谢产物包括细菌和其他微生物、真菌、线虫、蛋白质等。他们通常被认为是重要的组件的综合病虫害管理(IPM)计划,并已收到多少实际的关注作为替代品来合成化学植物保护产品。分子生物学 Molecular Biology 3 必修 75.0 Molecular biology (/mlkjlr/) is the branch of biology that deals with the molecular basis of biological activity. This field overlaps with other areas of biology and chemistry, particularly genetics and biochemistry. Molecular biology chiefly concerns itself with understanding the interactions between the various systems of a cell, including the interactions between the different types of DNA, RNA and protein biosynthesis as well as learning how these interactions are regulated. 是生物学的分支处理生物活性的分子基础。这个字段与其他领域的生物学和化学,尤其是遗传学和生物化学。分子生物学主要涉及本身