Chapter 13Laboratory ReportsTeaching ObjectivesOn completion of this Chapter, students should be able to:l identify the types of laboratory reports;l explain the communicative purposes of laboratory reports;l understand the language features of laboratory reports;Teaching Objectivesl get to know the structural features of laboratory reports;l learn the techniques for writing laboratory reports;l understand the principles for writing laboratory reports;l rules of practice for writing laboratory reports;Background & Lead-inl 实验报告，是在科学研究中描述、记录某一课题的实验过程和结果的报告。l 在学习和科研活动中，为了检验某种科学理论或假设，往往要进行实验。人们通过实验、观察、分析、综合、判断，如实地将实验过程和结果记录下来，经过整理而写成书面报告。Background & Lead-inl This chapter describes a general format for laboratory reports that you can adapt as needed. Laboratory reports are the most frequent kind of document written in engineering course and can count for as much as 25% of a course yet little time or attention is devoted to how to write them well. Worse yet, each professor wants something a little different.1. Definition of Laboratory Reportsl Laboratory reports document laboratory procedures and their results. l Laboratory reports may be one component of a research project or may demonstrate technical capability and compliance with contracts.Classification of Laboratory Reports l According to purpose there are l Academic laboratory reports l 学术实验报告l Industry laboratory test reports l 工业的实验报告l Page 82-83Classification of Laboratory ReportsGenre Features of Laboratory Reports l Communicative Purposes: l Document your findings l Communicate their significancel Present the results of research or testingLinguistic Features of laboratory Reportsl Objective and impersonall Specific and factuall Consistent and coherentl Clear and concisel Persuasive and convincingl Page 85Formal Laboratory Reportsl The Cover Material :l Title Page l Table of contentsFormal Laboratory Reportsl The Body of the Reportl Abstractl Introduction l Equipment and Componentsl Procedure usedl Results /Observationsl Analysis and Discussionl Summary/Conclusion Formal Laboratory ReportsInformal Laboratory Reports The name of the proceduresl A data sheetl Calculationsl See page 864. Techniques for Writing Laboratory Reportsl Title Page（标题页）：标题的提炼和制作要明确、简练，直接反映所研究的对象、范围、方向和问题。 l Title page needs to contain the name of the experiment, the names of lab partners, and the date. Titles should be straightforward, informative, and less than ten words 4. Techniques for Writing Laboratory Reportsl The Abstract(摘要): 简明扼要说明实验目的意义,重要发现, 主要结论和理论方法。l The Abstract summarizes four essential aspects of the report: the purpose of the experiment (sometimes expressed as the purpose of the report), key findings, significance and major conclusions. 4. Techniques for Writing Laboratory Reportsl The abstract often also includes a brief reference to theory or methodology. l The information should clearly enable readers to decide whether they need to read your whole report. l The abstract should be one paragraph of 100-200 words 4. Techniques for Writing Laboratory Reportsl The Introduction (简介)is more narrowly focused than the abstract. l It states the objective of the experiment and provides the reader with background to the experiment. State the topic of your report clearly and concisely, in one or two sentences:Introductionl A good introduction also provides whatever background theory, previous research, or formulas the reader needs to know. l Usually, an instructor does not want you to repeat the lab manual, but to show your own comprehension of the problem. Example: The purpose of this experiment was to identify the specific element in a metal powder sample by determining its crystal structure and atomic radius. l Quick Introduction Reference l Must Have: 1. Purpose of the experiment 2. Important background and/or theory l May include: 1. Description of specialized equipment 2. Justification of experiments importancel If the amount of introductory material seems to be a lot, consider adding subheadings such as: Theoretical Principles or Background.l Note on verb tenseEquipment and Apparatus 实验仪器和装置l When the laboratory equipment is commonly used by laboratories, or consists of simple components such as strain gauges应变仪 and thermometers, you many include, without description, a list of equipment. l This is typical for student laboratory reports. Laboratory Procedure or Process (实验程序或过程)l Laboratory procedures use the imperative voice and include a step-by-step format with step numbers. l Alternatively, process descriptions are the technical descriptions of laboratory procedures and may be stated in the present or past tense. Laboratory Procedure l Confusing: Press the STOP button when the load drops abruptly. This may prompt the operator to press the