第一节 重译法 Repetition,1. Definition 2. Modes of Repetition 1). Repetition for Semantic Clarity 2). Repetition for Emphasis 3). Repetition for Vividness,2. 坚持改革开放，不断完善社会主义市场经济体制。改革开放是强国之路。必须坚定不移地推进各方面改革。改革要从实际出发，整体推进，重点突破，循序渐进，注重制度建设和创新。坚持社会主义市场经济的改革方向，使市场在国家宏观调控下对资源配置起基础性作用。坚持“引进来”和“走出去”相结合，积极参与国际经济技术合作和竞争，不断提高对外开放水平。 We should persevere in reform and opening up and keep improving the socialist market economy. Reform and opening up are ways to make China powerful. We must press ahead with the reform in all areas resolutely. The reform must be promoted realistically, comprehensively and progressively with breakthroughs made in key areas and emphasis placed on institutional improvement and innovation. We should follow the orientation of reform toward the socialist market economy and make sure that the market forces play an essential role in the allocation of resources under the states macroeconomic control. By both bringing in and going out, we should actively participate in international economic and technological cooperation and competition and open wider to the outside world.,1. Definition Repetition: the way the key words are repeated in a given sentence or paragraph or passage in such a way as to conform to the idiomatic usage of the target language in E-C translation. 重译法为了明确、强调或生动，需要在翻译中重复某些关键性词语。重译法其实也是一种增词法，只是所增加的是上文出现过的词语。目的有三: (1).使意义明确；(2). 表示强调；(3).使译文生动。,2. Modes of Repetition 1). Repetition for Semantic Clarity 2). Repetition for Emphasis 3). Repetition for Expressiveness,3. Repetition in E-C Translation 1). Repetition for Semantic Clarity (意义明确) A). Repetition of Nouns (重译名词） (A). Repeat nouns used as objects (1). Let us revise our safety and sanitary regulations. 我们来修订安全 和卫生 吧。 (2). People use natural science to understand and change nature. 人类利用自然科学去了解 、改造 。,(3). The chief effects of electric currents are the magnetic, heating and chemical effects. 电流的主要效应是电磁 、热 和化学 。 (4). We have to analyze and solve problems. 我们要分析 ，解决 。 (5). Last year, the output of coal in this region amounted to about 20 percent of the whole country; of steel 25 percent; of grain 30 percent; of cotton 35 percent. 去年，这个地区的煤 约占全国总 的百分之二十，钢 占百分之二十五，稻谷 占百分之三十，棉花 占百分之三十五。,(B). Repeat the omitted nouns before prepositions (1). A foreign language learner will get more knowledge from practice than from books. 一个学外语的人从实践中学到的 比从书本上学到的 要多。 (2). The use of poison gas is clear violation of international lawin particular of the Geneva Convention. 使用毒气显然 国际法，特别是 日内瓦公约。,(3). Ignorance is the mother of fear as well as of admiration. 无知是羡慕的 ，也是恐惧的 。 (4). The story of Tom is a story of groans and tears, of a poor fellow ill-treated. 汤姆的故事是一个充满呻吟和泪水的 ，是一个不幸的人惨遭虐待的 。,(D). Repeat anticipatory nouns (定从中的先行词） (1). The little apprentice in particular lived in terror of the boss, who had borne down on him so often and so hard that there was little left. 小学徒对老板尤其怕得要死， 经常整他而且整得很重，简直把他整瘪了。 (2). We have advanced the principle of peaceful coexistence, which is now growing more and more popular among the nations of Asia and Africa. 我们提出了和平共处的原则，该 现越来越受到亚非国家的欢迎。,(3). May I extend my hearty congratulations to the Chinese athletes, through you, for the glowing success of their performance at the Beijing Olympic Games, which is now inspiring the entire country. 让我通过您衷心地祝贺中国运动员，祝贺他们在北京奥运会上获得的辉煌 , 这个 正鼓舞着全国人民。,B. Repetition of Verbs A). Repeat the verb shared by several objects or predicatives (英句中常用一个动词连接几个宾语或表语） (1). They were starting from scratch and needed men, guns, training. 他们是白手起家，他们 人员， 枪支， 训练。 (2). He owned a town house, a summer lodge in the mountains, a winter cabin in the desert, a car and a drivers license to take himself about. 过去，他在城里 一所住宅，在山间 一处避暑的住所，在沙漠地带 一处避寒的住所，外出还 汽车和驾驶执照。,B). Repeat verbs common to several prepositions (1). From then on he no longer dreamed of her charming smiles, nor of her soft whispers, nor of her sweet and ardent kisses. 从那以后他不再 她迷人的微笑，不再 她那温柔的低语，也不再 她那甜蜜而热情的吻了。 (2). They talked of themselves, of their prospects, of the journey, of the weather, of each otherof everything but our host and hostess. 他们 自己， 到前途， 到旅程， 到天气， 到彼此的情况 到一切，只是不 我们的男女主人。 。,(3). Then he spoke of the rise of charity and popular education, and particularly of the spread of wealth and work. 接着他 了慈善事业的兴起和教育的普及，特别 了财富和工作面的扩大。 At times, the verb is still to be repeated in Chinese even if the prepositions have been omitted in English as follows. (1). But his wife kept dining in his ears about his idleness, his carelessness, and the ruin he was bringing on his family. 可是他老婆不断地在他耳边 ， 他懒惰， 他粗心，并且 他的一家人都要毁在他的身上。,(2). We wanted to determine if he complied with the terms of his employment and his obligation as a clerk in the company. 我们想要确定，他是否 了受雇条件，是否 了作为公司职员所应尽的义务。 (3). But they did not show their feelings and they spoke politely about the current and depths they had drifted their lines at and the steady good weather and of what they had seen. 但是他们并没有把感