Chapter Five Learning Theories第五章 学习理论Section B Behaviorism B部分 行为主义What is Behaviorism? 什么是行为主义？Give me a dozen healthy infants, well-formed, and my own specified world to bring them up in and Ill guarantee to take any one at random and train him to become any type of specialist I might select - doctor, lawyer, artist, merchant-chief and, yes, even beggar-man and thief, regardless of his talents, penchants, tendencies, abilities, vocations, and race of his ancestors. 给我一打健康、外形完好的婴儿，把他们放在我设计的特殊的环境里培养，我敢保证，随便挑出一个来，我就能把他训练成为我所选择的任何一类专家-医生、律师、艺术家、商业首领，甚至是乞丐或小偷，而无论他的才能、爱好、倾向、能力或他的先辈的职业和种族是什么。Behavioral psychology, also known as behaviorism, is a theory of learning based upon the idea that all behaviors are acquired through conditioning. Conditioning occurs through interaction with the environment. According to behaviorism, behavior can be studied in a systematic and observable manner with no consideration of internal mental states.行为心理学，也称为行为主义，是一种基于所有的行为都是通过条件刺激而产生的学习理论。条件刺激就是重现与环境的相互作用。根据行为主义的观点，可以通过系统方法和观察的方式来研究人的行为，而不用考虑人的内部心理状态。The Rise of Behaviorism Psychology changed dramatically during the early 20th-century as another school of thought known as behaviorism rose to dominance. Behaviorism was a major change from previous theoretical perspectives, rejecting the emphasis on both the conscious and unconscious mind. Instead, behaviorism strove to make psychology a more scientific discipline by focusing purely on observable behavior.20世纪初，心理学发展成为一个学派被认为是行为主义的崛起。忽略有意识和无意识的想法是行为主义与之前的理论思想的一个重大改变。相反，行为主义完全通过专注于可视的行为来使得心理学变成更科学的学科。Behaviorism had its earliest start with the work of a Russian physiologist named Ivan Pavlov. Pavlovs research on the digestive systems of dogs led to his discovery of the classical conditioning process, which demonstrated that behaviors could be learned via conditioned associations. Pavlov demonstrated that this learning process could be used to make an association between environmental stimulus and a naturally occurring stimulus.最早从事于行为主义研究工作的是俄罗斯的生理学家巴甫洛夫。他的关于狗的消化系统的研究也导致了经典性条件反射过程的发现，这个发现证明了行为都能通过关联的条件刺激来学习。巴甫洛夫还证明了这个学习过程可以用于创造环境刺激与本能刺激间的相关联。An American psychologist named John B. Watson soon became one of the strongest advocates of behaviorism. Initially outlining the basics principles of this new school of thought in his 1913 paper Psychology as the Behaviorist Views It, Watson later went on to offer a definition in his classic book Behaviorism (1924), writing:“Behaviorism.holds that the subject matter of human psychology is the behavior of the human being. Behaviorism claims that consciousness is neither a definite nor a usable concept. The behaviorist, who has been trained always as an experimentalist, holds, further, that belief in the existence of consciousness goes back to the ancient days of superstition and magic.” The impact of behaviorism was enormous, and this school of thought continued to dominate for the next 50 years. PsychologistB.F. Skinnerfurthered the behaviorist perspective with his concept ofoperant conditioning, which demonstrated the effect of punishment and reinforcement on behavior.一位名叫约翰沃森的美国心理学家很快就成为了行为主义的拥护者之一。1913年，在他的论文从行为主义者的视角看心理学中概括了这个新学派的基本框架与原则。之后与1924年在他的经典著作行为主义中提供了一个定义。他这样写：“行为主义主张人类心理学的主题是人类的行为。行为主义宣称意识既不是一个明确的,也不是一个有用的概念。行为主义者总是坚持经验主义，而且，意识的存在问题可以追溯到古代的迷信和魔法。”行为主义这个学派在接下来的50年里产生了巨大的影响。心理学家斯金纳的操作性条件反射证明了惩罚与强化对行为的影响，进一步充实了行为主义的观点。While behaviorism eventually lost its hold on psychology, the basic principles of behavioral psychology are still widely in use today. Therapeutic techniques such asbehavior analysis, behavioral modification and token economies are often utilized to help children learn new skills、and overcome maladaptive behaviors, while conditioning is used in many situations ranging from parenting to education.尽管行为主义最终失去了它所坚持的心理学，但行为心理学的基本准则在今天仍被广泛使用。治疗技术中的行为分析、行为修正，行为矫正，在多数情况下用于从养育到教育的过程中帮助孩子学习新技能、克服不适应的行为。Section C Cognitivism C部分 认知主义What is Cognitivism? 什么是认知主义“Cognitive theorists recognize that much learning involves associations established through contiguity and repetition. They also acknowledge the importance of reinforcement（强化）, although they stress its role in providing feedback about the correctness of responses over its role as a motivator. However, even while accepting such behavioristic concepts, cognitive theorists view learning as involving the acquisition or reorganization of the cognitive structures through which humans process and store information.”认知主义家指出，大多数的学习都涉及到通过接触与重复建立确切的联系。虽然他们强调它在提供正确性反馈方面的作用胜过它作为动力的作用，但是也承认强化的重要性。然而，尽管他们接受行为主义的某些观点，但是认知主义家们认为学习是认知结构的获得和重组即人们加工的和存储信息的过程。The Basics of Cognitivism 基本的认知主义Cognitivists view learning as a reorganization of the cognitive structure in which individuals store information (Good & Brophy, 1990 ). According to cognitivist, knowledge occurs in internal structures called schemas . When new information comes in though the senses , it is compared with the schemas already pre