,Break,Break,Break,“冲激，冲激，冲激”,ByAlfredTennyson,1.Theauthor,2.Thepoem,GeneralintroductionPoemThemes,TennysonwithhiswifeEmilyandhissonsHallamandLionel,FarringfordLordTennysonsresidenceontheIsleofWight,StatueofLordTennysoninthechapelofTrinityCollege,Cambridge,AlfredTennysonwasoneofthemostpopularpoetsoftheVictorianage.HewasborninSomersby,Lincolnshire,arectorssonandfourthof12children.HeenteredTrinityCollege,Cambridgein1827.AfterWordsworthsdeathin1850,TennysonwasappointedtothepositionofPoetLaureate,whichhehelduntilhisowndeathin1892,byfarthelongesttenureofanylaureatebeforeorsince.,QueenVictoriawasanardentadmirerofTennysonswork,andin1884createdhimBaronTennysonwhobecamethefirsttoberaisedtoaBritishPeerageforhiswriting.Hewassucceededas2ndBaronTennysonbyhisson,Hallam,whoproducedanauthorisedbiographyofhisfatherin1897,andwaslaterthesecondGovernor-GeneralofAustralia.Hediedon6October1892atAldworth,aged83andwasburiedinthepoetscornerofWestminsterAbbey.,Break,Break,BreakisalyricpoembyAlfredLordTennysonwrittenduringearly1835andpublishedin1842.ItcentersonTennysonsgriefoverthedeathofhisbestfriend,ArthurHallam,apromisingpoetandessayistwhohadbeenengagedtoTennysonssister,Emily.Inthispoem,thepoetsownfeelingsofgriefstandsinsharpcontrastwiththecarefree,innocentjoysofthechildrenandtheapatheticmotionoftheshipandthewaves.,贵族等级英国的封建体系与爵士制度有其久远的历史背景。封号分成七级，分为贵族（peerage）与平民两大部分。除了英国王室以外，贵族分为五等：公爵、侯爵、伯爵、子爵与男爵；另外还有两种封号：准男爵（Baronet）与骑士（Knight），他们属于平民，而非贵族。英格兰King/Queen国王/女王PrinceofWales(Crownprince)威尔士亲王(王储)Prince王子、亲王(通常只表示君主之子或女君主之夫，非具体的爵位)PrincessRoyal/Princess大公主/公主RoyalDuke大公Duke公爵Marquess侯爵Earl伯爵Viscount子爵Baron男爵Baronet从/准男爵Knight骑士皇帝/女皇和国王/女王称“YourMajesty”，亲王和公主称“YourHighness”，公爵称“YourGrace”，公爵之子、侯爵、侯爵之子和伯爵统称“MyLord(勋爵)”。,总督（Governor-General），英国国王在尊其为国家元首的英联邦（除联合王国以外的）各成员国的代表。在加拿大，澳大利亚和新西兰，总督是英王在中央或国家一级的代表,是法定的最高行政长官，是女王在当地的全权代表；在加拿大各省还有省督，在澳大利亚各州，还有州总督。伊丽莎白二世为国家元首的16个国家安提瓜和巴布达澳大利亚巴哈马巴巴多斯伯利兹加拿大格林纳达牙买加新西兰(自1981年，作为新西兰国家元首的英王，兼任库克群岛的元首)巴布亚新几内亚圣基茨和尼维斯圣卢西亚圣文森特和格林纳丁斯所罗门群岛图瓦卢英国,Break,break,break,Onthycoldgreystones,OSea!AndIwouldthatmytonguecouldutterThethoughtsthatariseinme.,冲激，冲激，冲激大海呀，冲激你灰冷的石岩！但愿我的舌端能道出我内心涌起的思念。,Owellforthefishermansboy,Thatheshoutswithhissisteratplay!Owellforthesailorlad,Thathesingsinhisboatonthebay!,若像那渔家儿童该多好，他在和妹妹一起玩耍喊叫！若像那青年水手该多好！他在海湾里荡桨歌唱多美妙！,AndthestatelyshipsgoonTotheirhavenunderthehill;ButOforthetouchofavanishdhand,Andthesoundofavoicethatisstill!,还有，一艘艘庄严的船舶朝它们山下的港口驶进；多么想得到那只消逝了的手的触摸，还有那已不做声响的嗓音。,Break,break,break,Atthefootofthycrags,OSea!ButthetendergraceofadaythatisdeadWillnevercomebacktome.,冲激，冲激，冲激，大海呀，冲激你悬崖的脚下！但那逝去的温文尔雅将永远回不到我这里。,ThemesGriefThemainthemeisTennysonsgriefoverthedeathofhisbestfriend,ArthurHallam.Theauthorwantstotouchthehandofhisfriendoncemore,tohearthesoundofhisvoice.ButHallamisgoneforever;histendergracewillneveragainreturn.PreciousnessofYouthTennysonsfriend,ArthurHallam,wasonly22whenhedied.TheshockofHallamsdeathimpresseduponTennysonhowpricelessyouthis.Tounderscorethisidea,andtoexpresstheagonyhesuffersatthelossofyoungHallam,Tennysonpresentsimagesofyouthfuljoy:thefishermanssonplayingwithhissisterandthesailorladsinginginthebay.,IndifferenceofNatureNaturecontinuestofunctionaccordingtoitsrhythmsandcyclesregardlessofwhathappens,goodorbad,tohumanbeings.Itdoesnotstoptomournthelossofanyone.Coldandindifferent,itcarrieson,thewavesoftheoceanbreakingagainstrocksalongtheseashorewithoutpausingevenforamoment.Therestoftheworldcarriesonaswell:thefishermansboyhappilyplayingwithhissister,thesailormerrilysinging,theshipbusilyplyingthewatersofcommerce.TennysonlamentsthiscoldindifferenceinBreak,Break,Break.,thankyou,