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句 子 成 分 Members of a Sentence,翻译并指出其语言单位名称 1. a heavy rain 2. in the laboratory,一场大雨 语言单位名称:名词短语,3. a man always writing articles,一个常写文章的人 语言单位名称:名词短语,在实验室 语言单位名称: 介词短语,4. mentally and physically healthy 5. see a film,1,身心健康 语言单位名称:形容词短语,6. Mr. Li will visit you at 2:00 pm.,李先生下午两点会来拜访你。 语言单位名称:句子,看电影 语言单位名称:动词短语,7. Stand up !,站起来!语言单位名称:句子,1,一个主谓结构就是一个句子。通常,主语和谓语是句子必不可少的两个组成部分,祈使句可省略主语。,*句子成分由词或词组充当,英语的基本成分有七种:_和_,主语(subject)、,谓语(predicate)、,表语(predicative)、,宾语(object)、,定语(attribute)、,状语(adverbial),补语(complement)。,首先,让我们来了解一下主语,谓语,宾语,表语。,1. 主语 ( Subject ),表示句子说的是“什么人” 或 “什么事”。 通常由名词、代词、主语从句或动名词短语等充当。,例如: 1. My teacher hates telling lies.(指老师这个人) 2. Great changes have taken place in China in the past thirty years. (所发生的事情 很多大的变化),2. 谓语 ( Predicate ),说明主语“做什么” “是什么” 或 “怎么样”。 通常由动词或动词短语结合时态、语态、语气等充当。 要弄清两个概念: 及物动词:后面直接接宾语的动词; 不及物动词:后面不能直接接宾语的动词。,例如: 1. Children like playing games. 2. They were talking about a new film.,3. 宾语 ( Object ),常指及物动词或介词后面使之意思完整的词 或短语。常由名词、代词、动词不定式或动 名词短语等充当。,例如: 1. She has finished doing the experiment. 2. We like English and are good at it.,4. 表语 ( Predicative ),与系动词连用,一起构成谓语,说明主语的性质特征等。 常由名词、代词、形容词、数词、短语或从句等充当。,例如: 1. Her grandfather is an engineer. 2. The two countries were at war then. 3. The fact seems that he didnt notice the car.,系动词分两类:be, look, keep, seem等,表情况;get, grow, become, turn等属另一类,表变化。 be 本身没有什么意义,只起连系主语和表语的作用。其它系动词仍保持其部分词义。,感官动词多可用作连系动词:look well/面色好, sound nice/听起来不错,feel good/感觉好,smell bad/难闻,二、按照句子的结构来分,英语的句子有以下三种类型: 1、简单句:简单句只有一个主语(或并列主语)和一个谓语动词(或并列谓语动词)。如:My brother and I go to school at half past seven in the morning and come back home at seven in the evening.,2、并列句:并列句由并列连词或分号“;”把两个或两个以上的简单句连在一起构成。如:It is late , so we must hurry.,3、复合句:复合句中含有一个或一个以上的从句。如:If we want to keep fit , we must always remember that prevention is better than cure. 从以上并列句和复合句的例句来看,我们不难看出它们实际上是由几个简单句通过并列连词或从属连词连接起来的。因此,只要我们掌握了简单句的几种基本句型,我们就可以通过在句中寻找起连接作用的连词来分析复杂的句子。,英语句子的基本结构可以归纳成五种基本句型及其扩大、组合、省略或倒装。,掌握这五种基本句型,是掌握各种英语句子结构的基础。,一: (主谓) 二: (主系表) 三: (主谓宾) 四: (主谓间宾直宾) 五: (主谓宾宾补),基本句型 一: (不及物动词),1. The sunrose. 2. Who cares? 3. What he said does not matter. 4. They talked for half an hour. 5. The pen writes smoothly,此句型的句子有一个共同特点,即句子的谓语动词 都能表达完整的意思。这类动词叫做不及物动词, 后面可以跟副词、介词短语、状语从句等。,基本句型 二: (主系表),此句型的句子有一个共同的特点:句子谓语动词都不能表达一个完整的意思,必须加上一个表明主语身份或状态的表语构成复合谓语,才能表达完整的意思。这类动词叫做连系动词。, (是系动词) (表语),1. This is an English-Chinese dictionary. 2. The dinner smells good. 3. He fell in love. 4. Everything looks different. 5. He is growing tall and strong. 6. Our well has gone dry. 7. His face turned red.,*There be 结构: There be 表示存在有。这里的there没有实际意义,不可与副词there那里混淆。 此结构后跟名词,表示(存在)有某事物,试比较:There is a boy there.(那儿有一个男孩。) 前一个there无实意,后一个there为副词那里。,基本句型 三: (主谓宾),此句型句子的共同特点是:谓语动词都具有实义,都是主语产生的动作,但不能表达完整的意思,必须跟有一个宾语,即动作的承受者,才能使意思完整。这类动词叫做及物动词。, (及物动词) (宾语),1. Who knows the answer? 2. He has refused to help them. 3. He enjoys reading. 4. He said Good morning. 5. He admits that he was mistaken.,基本句型 四: (主谓间宾直宾),有些及物动词可以有两个宾语,eg:buy, find, bring, give, teach, tell, lend, offer, promise,give/pass/bring/show。这两个宾语通常一个指人(间接宾语);一个指物(直接宾语)。,-Give me a cup of tea please. -Show this house to Mr. Smith. -Bring it to me, please., (及物) (多指人) (多指物),She ordered herself a new dress. 2. He brought you a dictionary. 3. I showed him my pictures. 4. I told him that the bus was late. 5. He showed me how to run the machine.,注意: 有些动词引导的间接宾语可改为to引导的短语,这类动词有 give, hand, show, send, bring, pass, lend, teach, tell, write, throw, sell, email等,表示动作是对谁做的。如: Can you lend us your car? =Can you lend your car to us? 有些动词引导的间接宾语可改为for引导的短语,这类动词有 buy, play, get, make, order, choose, sing, pay等,表示动作是为谁做的。如: My uncle bought me a watch. =My uncle bought a watch for me.,一 找出下列句中的直接宾语。 She gave me her telephone number. Bring me some water, please. Ill make you some fresh tea. He sang us a folk song. She showed me her paintings. 二 改为同义句 6 Tom gave me a nice pen. Tom_ a nice pen_ me. 7 My mother bought my little sister a pink shirt. My mother_ a pink shirt_ my little sister. 8 She cooked us a delicious meal. She _ a delicious meal _us. 9 Tim showed me his nice T-shirt. Tim_ his nice T-shirt_ me. 10 She made me a cup of coffee. She_ a cup of coffee_ me.,gave,to,bought,for,cooked,for,showed,to,made,for,基本句型 五: (主谓宾宾补),此句型的句子的共同特点是:动词虽然是及物动词,但是只跟一个宾语还不能表达完整的意思,必须加上一个补充成分来补足宾语,才能使意思完整。,宾语补足语:位于宾语之后对宾语作出说明的成分。可以用作宾语补足语的有名词,形容词,不定式,动名词,分词,介词短语等,它与宾语构成 主谓关系或动宾关系。,The war made him a soldier. New methods make the job easy. I often find him at work. The teacher ask the students to close the windows. I saw a cat running across the road.,名词/代词宾格 + n./adj./ 介词短语/动词不定式/分词, (及物) (宾语) (宾补),1. They painted the door green. 2. This set them thinking. 3. They found the house deserted. 4. He asked me to come back soon. 5. I saw them getting on the
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