TOEFL 强化阅读,Edward,7/10/2020,托福阅读( 句子插入),主讲人：尹爱华Edward 北外英美文学 薄冰大师关门弟子 TOEFL/IELTS/SAT/GRE/GMAT超级名师，十年国外考试教学经验 独创托福阅读巅峰体系派， 一览众山小。 尹爱-华Edward-贵学 长沙贵学教育,第四 课 题型六 句子插入题,认识句子插入题基本形式 掌握含有指代信息的句子插入题方法 掌握含有逻辑信息的句子插入题方法 掌握与段落结构相关的句子插入题方法,基本形式,Extinct but already fully marine cetaceans are known from the fossil record. How was the gap between a walking mammal and a swimming whale bridged? Missing until recently were fossils clearly intermediate, or transitional, between land mammals and cetaceans. Very exciting discoveries have finally allowed scientists to reconstruct the most likely origins of cetaceans. In 1979, a team looking for fossils in northern Pakistan found what proved to be the oldest fossil whale. This is a question that has puzzled scientists for ages.,线索类别,指代关系 逻辑关系 段落结构,含有指代线索的题目,1 The raising of livestock is a major economic activity in semiarid lands, where grasses are generally the dominant type of natural vegetation. The consequences of an excessive number of livestock grazing in an area are the reduction of the vegetation cover and the trampling and pulverization of the soil. This is usually followed by the drying of the soil and accelerated erosion. This economic reliance on livestock in certain regions makes large tracts of land susceptible to overgrazing., The raising of livestock is a major economic activity in semiarid lands, where grasses are generally the dominant type of natural vegetation. The consequences of an excessive number of livestock grazing in an area are the reduction of the vegetation cover and the trampling and pulverization of the soil. This is usually followed by the drying of the soil and accelerated erosion. This economic reliance on livestock in certain regions makes large tracts of land susceptible to overgrazing.,2 Exhibitors, however, wanted to maximize their profits, which they could do more readily by projecting a handful of films to hundreds of customers at a time. In 1895, showmen such as Louis and Auguste Lumire perfected projection devices. These early projection devices were used in vaudeville theaters, local town halls, makeshift storefront theaters, fairgrounds, and amusement parks to show films to a mass audience. When this widespread use of projection technology began to hurt his Kinetoscope business, Edison acquired a projector developed by Armat and introduced it as “Edisons latest marvel, the Vitascope.”, Exhibitors, however, wanted to maximize their profits, which they could do more readily by projecting a handful of films to hundreds of customers at a time. In 1895, showmen such as Louis and Auguste Lumire perfected projection devices. These early projection devices were used in vaudeville theaters, local town halls, makeshift storefront theaters, fairgrounds, and amusement parks to show films to a mass audience. When this widespread use of projection technology began to hurt his Kinetoscope business, Edison acquired a projector developed by Armat and introduced it as “Edisons latest marvel, the Vitascope.”,3 Before 1815 manufacturing in the United States had been done in homes by skilled artisans. As master craftworkers, they imparted the knowledge of their trades to apprentices . In addition, women often worked in their homes part-time. After 1815 this older form of manufacturing began to give way to factories with machinery tended by unskilled or semiskilled laborers. Cheap transportation networks, and the availability of capital and credit all stimulated the shift to factory production. This new form of manufacturing depended on the movement of goods to distant locations and a centralized source of laborers.,Before 1815 manufacturing in the United States had been done in homes by skilled artisans. As master craftworkers, they imparted the knowledge of their trades to apprentices . In addition, women often worked in their homes part-time. After 1815 this older form of manufacturing began to give way to factories with machinery tended by unskilled or semiskilled laborers. Cheap transportation networks, and the availability of capital and credit all stimulated the shift to factory production. This new form of manufacturing depended on the movement of goods to distant locations and a centralized source of laborers.,4 Even in early human history, costume fulfilled a function beyond that of simple utility Costume helped to impose authority or inspire fear. A chieftains costume embodied attributes expressing his power, while a warriors costume enhanced his physical superiority. In more recent times, professional or administrative costume is designed to distinguish the wearer and to express personal or delegated authority. Costume denotes power, and since power is often equated with wealth, costume has come to be an expression of social class and material prosperity. Such power is seen clearly in the judges robes and the police officers uniform.,Even in early hu