类比Analogy,1. Definition,Analogy(类比)：将两个本质上不同的事物就其共同点进行比较，是通过比喻手法的综合运用帮助说明道理或描述某种复杂情况。 It is a form of comparison, but unlike simile or metaphor which usually uses comparison on one point of resemblance, analogy draws a parallel between two unlike things that have several common qualities or points of resemblance. 例：Appropriate praise to a child is what the sun is to a flower. 恰当的赞扬对孩子的作用，就像阳光对于花朵的作用一样。 （这里把“赞扬的作用”和“阳光的作用”进行类比）,2.类比与明喻、暗喻的比较,在相似的一点上进行比较,在几个共同特性或相似点的两件不同事物之间进行平行比较,通过描述、阐明和说明来提高效果和增强主题,用劝说或解释说明一种观点或思想,例：Appropriate praise to a child is what the sun is to a flower. 恰当的赞扬对孩子的作用，就像阳光对于花朵的作用一样。,Distinguish simile, metaphor from analogy,1）Jim wormed his way through the thicket towards the forest. (metaphor) 2）As cold waters to a thirsty soul, so is good news from a far country. (analogy) 3）My brain was as powerful as a dynamo, as precise as a chemists scales, as penetrating as a scalpel. (simile),英文版,Analogy is a special form of comparison which draws parallel similarities between two unlike things (or the two unlike things have several similar properties). All metaphors and similes are based on analogy. But an analogy compares two things not only in one aspect as a simile or a metaphor does, but also taps between the two things as many similarities as possible and then develops them so as to make the comparisons more outstanding and effective. The more points of similarity, the stronger the analogy. These points of similarity are made explicit, not left to the readers imagination.,3.类比的作用,类比可通过许多平行的相似来扩展，来说服读者由于两件事物在许多方面很相似，一件事物得出的结论暗示另一种事物也可得出同样的结论。另外，类比的事物通常是人们熟悉的。 Now, compare: Reading is the food of the mind. (metaphor) Reading is to the mind what food is to the body. (analogy),4. Analogy is usually constructed in the following patterns:,1）A is to B as C is to D Food is to man as fuel is to engine. Air is to man as water is to fish. 2）A is to B what C is to D (or: A to B is what C is to D, or what C is to D, A is to B) Judicious praise is to children what the sun is to flowers. The man who cannot be trusted is to society what a bit of rotten timber is to a house.,4. Analogy is usually constructed in the following patterns:,3）(Just) as AB, (so) CD (or: so CD, just as AB) （Just）as dark clouds cannot long hide the sun, (so) no lies can cover up facts. Just as Darwin discovered the law of organic nature, so Marx discovered the law of development of human history. 4）If A were B, C wouldD If society were a train the etiquette would be the rails along which only the train could rumble forth; if society were a state coach, the etiquette would be the wheels and axis on which only the coach roll forward. (by William Hazlitt),4. Analogy is usually constructed in the following patterns:, If love were what the rose is, And I were like the leaf, Our lives would grow together In sad or singing weather, Blown fields or flowerful closes, If love were what the rose is, And I were like the leaf. (by A. Charles Swinburne),4. Analogy is usually constructed in the following patterns:,5） Other patterns The surface of the earth is like the skin of an orange, which cannot be spread out flat unless it is torn into strips. Thats why flat maps of the whole earth always distort its appearance.,5.写作上的应用,实际上我们很多的情况下再无话可说的时候都可以运用类比。 When comes to the issue of empowerment 1. This point can be better illustrated by comparing a class（你熟悉的） with a business（你不熟悉的). 然后business bla bla 2.Teachers who possess power and exert it to conduct class play a similar role as business managers do. 然后，只讨论课堂不讨论商业了。 例如： Student who is granted/ given/ empowered/ endowed are more motivated power are not rightly supervised and restricted and the class get out of control will lead to/ result in/ turn into/ prove to be flop/ fiasco/ blunder/failure/ catastrophe,Distinguish simile, metaphor from analogy,4）What sculpture is to a block of marble, education is to the soul. (analogy) 5）The chess-board is the world; the pieces are the phenomena of the universe; the rules of game are what we call the law of Nature. (metaphor),选择=结果,汇报结束 谢谢观看！ 欢迎提出您的宝贵意见！,