溝通策略communicative Strategy,林淑慧,Selinker 1972, Interlanguage Strategies of second language communication Tarone 1977, Providing the first definition and taxonomy,Definitions,a systematic technique employed by a speaker to express his meaning when face with some difficulty Corder,1977 a mutual attempt of two interlocutors to agree on a meaning in situations where requisite meaning structures are not shared Tarone,1980,Definitions,potentially conscious plans for solving what to an individual presents itself as a problem in reaching a particular communicative goal Faerch and Kasper,1983a techniques of coping with difficulties in communicating in an imperfectly known second language Stern,1983,高海虹2000,學習者在對第二語言或外語掌握有限的情況下，為達到交際目的，彌補其語法或詞彙知識貧乏而採用的方法（Paribakht 1985, Corder 1983, Faerch & Kasper 1983）,Tarone 1977,Avoidance Topic Massage abandonment Paraphrase Approximation Word coinage circumlocution Conscious transfer Literal translation Language switch Appeal for assistance Mime,Drnyei & Scott 1995,Direct Resource deficit-related Massage abandonment, reduction, replacement Circumlocution Approximation Use of all-purpose words Word-coinage Restructuring,Drnyei & Scott 1995,Resource deficit-related Literal translation Foreignizing Code switching Use of similar sounding words Mumbling Omission Retrieval Mime,Drnyei & Scott 1995,Own-performance problem-relate Self-rephrasing Self-repair Other-performance problem-relate Other-repair,Drnyei & Scott 1995,Interaction Resource deficit-related Appeals for help Own-performance problem-relate Comprehension check Own-accuracy check,Drnyei & Scott 1995,Other-performance problem-relate Asking for repetition, clarification, confirmation Guessing Expressing nonunderstanding Interpretive summary response,Drnyei & Scott 1995,Indirect Processing time pressure-related Use of fillers Repetitions Own-performance problem-relate Verbal strategy markers Other-performance problem-relate Feigning understanding,Reference,Zolt:n Drnyei & Mary Lee Scott , 1997, communication strategies in a second language: Definition and Taxonomies, Language Learning v47 p173-210 Ellen Bialystok, 1990, Communication Strategies, A Psychological Analysis of Second-Language Use Elain Tarone, 1980, Communication strategies, Foreigner talk, and repair in interlanguage, Language Learning v30 p417-431,Reference,高海虹, 2000, 交際策略能力研究報告觀念與運用, 外語教學與研究 v32:1, p53-58 H. Douglas Brown（余光雄譯）,2005, 第二語教學最高指導原則, longman,