World Cancer ReportCancer research for cancer prevention全球肿瘤报告 International Agency for Research on Cancer 2020Some rights reserved. This work is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 3.0 IGO licence (CC BY-NC-ND 3.0 IGO; https:/creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/igo/).Under the terms of this licence, you may copy and redistribute the work for non-commercial purposes, provided the work is appropriately cited, as indicated below. In any use of this work, there should be no suggestion that WHO endorses any specific organization, products or services. The use of the WHO logo is not permitted.Any mediation relating to disputes arising under the licence shall be conducted in accordance with the mediation rules of the World Intellectual Property Organization.Suggested citation.Wild CP, Weiderpass E, Stewart BW, editors (2020). World Cancer Report: Cancer Research for Cancer Prevention. Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer. Available from: http:/publications.iarc.fr/586. Licence: CC BY-NC-ND3.0 IGO.Sales, rights and permissions.To purchase print copies distributed by WHO Press, World Health Organization, 20 Avenue Appia, 1211 Geneva 27, Switzerland, see http:/apps.who.int/bookorders. Tel.: +41 22 791 3264; Fax: +41 22 791 4857; email: bookorderswho.int.To purchase IARC publications in electronic format, see the IARC Publications website (http:/publications.iarc.fr).To submit requests for adaptations or commercial use and queries on rights and licensing, see the IARC Publications website (http:/publications.iarc.fr/Rights-And-Permissions).Third-party materials.If you wish to reuse material from this work that is attributed to a third party, such as tables, figures or images, it is your respon- sibility to determine whether permission is needed for that reuse and to obtain permission from the copyright holder. The risk of claims resulting from infringement of any third-party-owned component in the work rests solely with the user.General disclaimers.The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of WHO or contributing agencies concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. Dotted and dashed lines on maps represent approxi- mate border lines for which there may not yet be full agreement.The mention of specific companies or of certain manufacturers products does not imply that they are endorsed or recommend- ed by WHO or contributing agencies in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned. Errors and omissions excepted, the names of proprietary products are distinguished by initial capital letters.All reasonable precautions have been taken by WHO to verify the information contained in this publication. However, the pub- lished material is being distributed without warranty of any kind, either expressed or implied. The responsibility for the interpreta- tion and use of the material lies with the reader. In no event shall WHO or contributing agencies be liable for damages arising from its use.iCover images, from top to bottom: Photomicrograph of retinoblastoma (Credit: Ralph C. Eagle, Jr, MD, Department of Pathology, Wills Eye Hospital, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA). A woman undergoes a computed tomography scan (Credit: T2 Images/ Getty Images). A waiter in a hoteli (tearoom) pours scalding hot milky tea for customers in Nyaru, a settlement at the edge of the Rift Valley in Kenya; IARC and Moi University are investigating the high rates of oesophageal cancer in Kenya and have found that consumption of hot tea is implicated (Credit: Daniel Middleton/IARC). Storage of biological samples in the IARC Biobank (Credit: Morena Sarzo/IARC). A girl receives a human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination; in Pune district in Maharashtra, India, IARC is working closely with national institutions to evaluate the efficacy of fewer than three doses of HPV vaccine in protect- ing women against cervical cancer (Credit: Morena Sarzo/IARC). Background image: The Blue Marble: Next Generation is a mosa c of satellite data taken mostly from a NASA sensor called the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) that flies aboard NASAs Terra and Aqua satellites (Credit: NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center/Reto Stckli).IARC Library Cataloguing in Publication DataNames: Wild, Christopher P., editor. | Weiderpass, Elisabete, editor. | Stewart, Bernard W., editor.Title: World cancer report: cancer research for cancer prevention / edited by Christopher P. Wild, Elisabete Weiderpass, BernardW. Stewart.Other titles: World cancer report 2020.Description: Lyon: International Agency for Research on Cancer, 2020. | Includes bibliographi