Functional grammar-Three metafunctions,1.Functional grammar 2.The Ideational Function 3.The Interpersonal Function 4.The Textual Function,1.Functional grammar,Basic viewpoints: Language is the product of social activities. Language is what it is because it has to serve certain social functions. Social demands on language has helped to shape its structure. Halliday defines a functional grammar as essentially a natural grammar, in the sense that everything in it can be explained He explores language in terms of the relations between language and social needs, social structure, and socio-cultural background.,1.Functional grammar,Halliday views language development in children as the mastery of linguistic function, and learning a language is learning how to mean “语言功能的掌握” 、“学习语言就是学习如何表达”,1.Functional grammar,Seven functions in childrens model of language : The instrumental function(工具): to meet his material needs, goods and services; The regulatory function(控制): to control others behavior; The interactional function(互动): to talk with others The personal function(个人): to express his feelings The heuristic function（启发）: to know about his own surroundings The imaginative function（想象）: to create surroundings The informative function（告知）: to provide information for others,1.Functional grammar,The adults language has to serve many functions, senven functions of childrens language are gradually reduced to a set of highly coded and abstract functions, which are meta-functions(纯理功能）: Ideational function （概念功能） Interpersonal function （人际功能） Textual function.（语篇功能）,2.The Ideational Function,The ideational function (experimental and logical) is to convey new information unknown to the hearer. It is a meaning potential(意义潜势), used in all languages. It is to refer to categories of experience of the world.,2.The Ideational Function,The ideational function mainly consists of transitivity（及物性） and voice（语态）.,2.The Ideational Function,Transitivity is the grammar of the clause in its ideational aspect. It consists of 6 different processes: material, mental, relational, behavioral, verbal and existential.,2.1.Material processes(物质过程),Material processes are those in which something is done.(表示做某件事的过程) Process: an action verb Actor(logical subject): 动作者 Goal (logical direct object): 目标,2.1.Material processes(物质过程),eg.My brother broke the vase. Actor Process Goal,2.2.Mental processes(心理过程),Mental processes express such mental phenomena as perception感知,reaction反应 and cognition认知. Sensor :感觉者 Phenomenon ：被感知的现象,2.2.Mental processes(心理过程),eg. perception感知 John saw the murderer. sensor process phenomenon eg.reaction反应 My sister likes the skirt. sensor process phenomenon eg.cognition认知 I know that she was absent. sensor process phenomenon,2.3.Relational processes(关系过程),Relational processes can be classfied into two types: Attributive(归属) ：某个实体具有何种属性 Identifying（识别）:一个实体与另一个实体是统一的,2.3.Relational processes(关系过程),eg.Attributive(归属) The film lasted two hours. carrier 载体 process过程 attribute属性 eg.Identifying（识别） John is our monitor. identified被识别者 process identifier识别者 token标记 value 价值,2.4.Behavioral processes(行为过程),Behavioral processes refer to physiological and psychological behaviour such as breathing,coughing,smiling,laughing,crying. 一般只有一个参加者，一般为人。,2.4.Behavioral processes(行为过程),eg. The old man sighed for the days of his youth. behaver行为者,2.5.Verbal processes(言语过程),Verbal processes are those of exchanging information.（say, tell, talk, etc.) sayer:讲话者 receiver:受话者 verbiage:讲话内容,2.5.Verbal processes(言语过程),eg. My watch says it is nine-thirty. sayer verbiage,2.6.Existential processes(存在过程),Existential processes represent that something exists or happens. (be, exist, etc.) eg.There is a new office building. existent 存在物,2.7.summary,Process type (过程类型) category meaning （意义） participants（参加者） Material: doing Actor, Goal Action doing Event happening Behavioral behaving Behaver Mental: sensing Sensor, Phenomenon Perception seeing Affection feeling Cognition thinking Verbal saying Sayer, Target Relational: being Attribution attributing carrier, Attribute Identification identifying Identified, identifier Existential existing Existent,3.The Interpersonal Function（人际功能）,The interpersonal meta-function embodies all uses of language to express social and personal relations. It is about the social world, especially the relationship between speaker and hearer, and is concerned with clauses as exchanges.,In the interpersonal meta-function subject 主语 mood(语气) finite element 限定成分 A clause modality (情态),3.1 Mood(语气),Mood provides us with the speech functions , such as persuading , enticing(诱骗) , requesting , ordering , suggesting ,asserting , insisting , doubting ,and so on.