Academic Writing,Research Paper Research Report Dissertation / Thesis,General Format: IMRAD Introduction, Materials and Methods, Results and Discussion,Preparing for a Research Paper,Choosing a Topic Preparing the References Analyzing the Data Making the Outline,The Structure of a Research Paper,Title Abstract Introduction Materials and Methods Results Discussion Acknowledgement References,Characteristics of Academic Writing,Creativity Scientificity Standardization,Requirements,Format Language expression Avoidance of Plagiarism,Abstract,The types of Abstract Informative Indicative Samples on P.238 Samples on P.240,Four basic units of an abstract,Objectives of the research paper(论文所研究的具体对象 ) Methodology you used in the research(运用的具体方法 ) The findings from the research(得出的具体结果 ) Conclusions induced from the finding or experiments(结果进行剖析而得出的具有创新性的结论 ),以上述四要素为依托，找出每部分专指度高的主题概念词，然后正确地组织好这些反映主题内容的主题概念词，用逻辑性强的关联词将其贯穿起来，就构成一篇完整的摘要，再以表现论文的主题内容为主旨，以主题词为工具，经过耐心地推敲、简化，力求使摘要简明扼要，逻辑性强，结构完整。 uses one or more well developed paragraphs: these are unified, coherent, concise, and able to stand alone.,英文摘要的写法除了具有中、英文摘要的共性外，还有自己独特的个性，一般应符合以下几点要求： 1. 尽量用简、短的句子，避免句形单调，组织好句子，使动词尽量靠近主语，尽量用简短、词义清楚并为人熟知的词； E.g. the paper explores 2. 用过去时态叙述作者所做的工作，用现在时态叙述作者得出的结果、结论，尽量用主动语态代替被动语态；（不出现人称主语，客观事实作主语表态时，要用被动） I induced three findings () / the experiment induced three findings() Three findings are induced from the experiment,3. 可用动词的情况下尽量避免用动词的名词形式； E.g. the findings of these investigations suggests (make a suggestion ) transient adaptation refers to the rapid (is the reference to the ) 4. 避免使用一长串形容词或名语为修饰名词，可将这些词分成几个前置短语，用连字符连接，作为单位形容词（一个形容词）； E.g. he asked with a father-knows-best tone,不使用俚词外语表达概念，慎用行话和俗语，应用标准英语； 对那些已经为大众所熟悉的缩写词，可以直接使用，对于那些仅为同行所熟悉缩略语，应在题目、文摘或关键词中至少出现一次全称。,Suggestions on writing abstracts,Make your abstracts informative, not descriptive. That is, make your abstracts short summaries of your paper, including especially any conclusions you may have drawn or recommendations you may have made. A good informative abstract may state the problem you are examining or the procedure you have carried out, your purpose in doing it, your results, and your conclusions or recommendations. Most abstracts are limited to one paragraph and must therefore be constructed with care.,An abstract consists of 3 parts: purpose, result/conclusion, and recommendation. The present tense, past tense and the present perfect tense are often used in an abstract; the third person should be used in writing an abstract. Avoid using “first person” like “I studied” “we think that” “I / we concluded”,you need to watch on “donts ”,Do not commence with this paper”, this report or similar. It is better to write about the research than about the paper. Avoid sentences that end in is described, is reported, is analyzed or similar.,Useful expressions,In the first part of an abstract (1) the author tells about the writer describes the paper explores looks at refers to (2) the purpose of this paper is to V( presents, ) an investigation was designed to V( prove, generalize ) the concept of is used to determine (3) the paper deals with ,2如果需要简略回顾历史，然后再说明自己文章的内容，则可参考采用下面的句子： The problemwas first treated byand laterimproved by. The purpose of this paper is to prove that it holds in a more general case. first raised the problem which was later partly solved by . We now solve this problem in the case of ,In the second part of an abstract (1) It is found that The author concludes that +S+V The paper concludes (2) It is seen from Fig.4 that the results are given in Fig.4 In the last part of an abstract (1) It is suggested It is recommended + that +S+V (2) The results suggest/show that It is recommended that ,Task Discuss with your partner and translate the following abstract,本文首先从严复的著名翻译三原则出发，对当今的中国翻译研究现状做出批评性描述，然后就中英互译中的一些问题做出新的范式。作者认为，由于中英两种语言属于不同的文化传统，因而不存在决对的对应，但是通过认真的比较研究，相对的对应仍可获得。,The article presents a critical survey of the state of the art of contemporary Chinese translation studies by questioning Yan Fus famous principle regarding literary translation. It offers a new paradigm in regard to translation from English into Chinese and vice verse, namely that, to an author, there is no such thing as absolute equivalence in the context of Chinese-English or English-Chinese translation for the simple reason that Chinese and English belong to two entirely different cultural traditions. However, through careful comparative studies, relative equivalent can be achieved.,