1第一讲 词性一. 词性：词类又叫词性，英语单词根据其在句子中的功用，可以分成十个大类。 1 名词 n. 2 代词 pron. 3 形容词 adj. 4 副词 adv. 5 动词 v. 6 数词 num. 7 冠词 art. 8 介词 prep. 9 连词 conj. 10 感叹词 interj. 一） 名词：表示人或物名称的词 名词可以分为专有名词和普通名词 . 1、 专有名词是某个（些）人，地方，机构等专有的名称，如 Beijing，China,USA 2、 普通名词是一类人或东西或是一个抽象概念的名词，如：book，sadness 等。二） 动词：动词就是表示动作或者是状态的词。例如：run；work；sleep，等 动词的分类根据其在句中的功能，动词可分为实义动词、系动词、助动词，有些动词是兼类词（即同一词有不同的词性） 。如：We have lunch at 12. 我们 12 点吃午饭。(have 是行为动词) We have been to New York. 我们去过纽约。(have 是助动词) I am hungry. 我饿了。(am 是连系动词) She was beaten on the way home. (was 是助动词) You neednt have waited for me. 你本来不必等我。(need 是情态动词) The door needs painting. 这个门需要油漆了。(needs 及物动词) 实义动词的分类： 及物动词（vt. ）与不及物动词(vi.) 1.及物动词(vt. ) 后面要跟宾语,宾语可以由名词，代词，不定式，动名词，从句等一切具有名词性的一切结构来构成。例：I likes the song. 名词 song 做宾语I plan to settle down there. 不定式 to settle down there 做宾语I likes sleeping there. 动名词 sleeping there 做宾语I know what you want to say 从句 what you want to say 做宾语。注意，及物动词有被动语态。例，I was punished by my headteacher once again.2.不及物动词(vi. ) 不跟宾语。如：They study hard. (study 后没有宾语，是不及物动词 )He arrived .不及物动词若要跟上宾语，必须加上适当的介词：He arrived at our school yesterday.由此可见，不及物+介词= 及物动词注：有的动词既可作及物动词，也可用作不及物动词.如：She sings very well. （sing 是不及物动词）She sang an English song just now. (sing 是及物动词) 注意，不及物动词没有被动语态。 系动词(link-v). 系动词后面 +表语来构成主系表结构（表语是英语特有的成分，汉语没有表语这个概念）常见的系动词有 be, turn ,grow, become, feel, look 等。例：He is a teacher. is 是系动词。 The apple tastes delicious I feel good.像 feel ,taste, sound, turn, grow, become 这些系动词后面常跟上形容词或者名词来构成系表结构。所以，判断动词是否是一个系动词，可以根据后面所跟的单词词性是否是 adj 或n 来反推出。2注意，系动词没有被动语态，也不能用于进行时态。小练习：请同学们根据上面所讲的，判断下面例子 smell 词性。The food smells. The apple was smelt by a cute monkey. I smelt the food.四） 形容词：修饰单个名词，说明事物或人的性质或特征的词,在句中主要是作定语，表语，宾补，主补，状语。例如：1. it is a rainy day . rainy 做前置定语2. this cat is very expensive. expensive 做表语3. I can make you happy. Happy 做宾补4. He was caught alive. Alive 做主补。5. he was found lying on the grassland, exhausted.五） 副词：用来修饰动词，形容词，副词或整个句子。说明时间、地点、程度、方式等。副词可以修饰动词，形容词，副词，介词短语，名词短语，甚至可以做句子副词。例如：1. I quite agree with you. 2. she is very beautiful 3. he drove very fast.4. there is a house right in front of you 5. she is rather a fool6. honestly, I dont like kobe byrant.六） 数词：表示数目多少或顺序多少的词叫数词，数词分为基数词和序数词。表示数目多少的数词叫基数词；表示顺序的数词叫序数词。一）基数词：基数词写法和读法二）序数词：序数词的缩写形式：first1stsecond2ndthirty-first31st七） 介词：介词后面必须加上名词，代词，或者动名词，也可以跟上名词性从句，来构成介宾短语。有点类似于及物动词。介词可以分成简单介词和介词短语：例;简单介词：in，at，on， 介词短语：instead of, due to, because of例如：1. we arrived at the school 2. I believe in what he has done and said. We went there by sailing八） 连词：连接词与词，短语与短语以及句与句的作用。 连词主要可分为两类：并列连词和从属连词。1. 并列连词用来连接平行的词、词组和分句。如：and, but, or, nor, so, as well as, bothand, not onlybut also, eitheror, neithernor, (and) then 等等。 连接两个相同成分：1. it rained not only in the daytime but also at night. 2. both john and mary are from England. 试判断： He started to dance and sang.连接两个句子: not only does he like reading poems, but also he likes write some.2. 从属连词经常引导一个从句, 如: when ,where, because, if , as, 等试判断下列句子画线是不是一个从属连词。1. The man who is standing there is my uncle.2. what he has done is really amazing.3. there is no doubt that he is a here.4. That is what we want.练习一 词法基础训练：.词性判断:1). a) The library closes at 5:00 p.m. b) Tom and Peter are my close friends. 3c) My hometown is located close to a big river. d) We stayed until the close of the party. 2). a) I hope that you will back my plan at the meeting. b) Dont sit in the back of classroom. . c) He grows many beautiful flowers in the back garden. d) He asked me to walk back three steps. 3). a) I like bacon and eggs for breakfast. b) Dont speak to me like that. c) Like his brother John, Peter is interested in fine arts. d) Tom said that he would not do the like again. 4). a) Keep still when the doctor is giving you a check-up. b) I believe you can do still better next time. c) The meat will still have to be cooked for five minutes. d) It was a very unpleasant affair. Still, we cant change it. 5). a) This medicine has some side effects. b) Susan sided with me in the discussion. c) Come and sit by my side. 基本词法练习：(先判断该填什么词性，然后再用所给词适当形式填空)1. Its _ for me to work out the problem in such a short time.(possible)2. Everybody knows _ comes first. (health)3. After a while the little dog came to _ . (it)4. In which year did your parents get _. (marry)5. Keep quiet! You are speaking too _. (noise)6. His friend made it work by _the Scuba machine. (invent)7. Her _ sounds good but its hard to try out. (decide)8. There is much _ in the town. Youd better not go in. (foggy)9. _, he missed the last bus. (luck)10. The _ you eat, the better youll be. (health)11. Two _ of the earth is covered by water. (three)12. Children were excited to see the _ of the plant they grew. (appear)13. Our teacher has a good _ (know) of computers.14. In a _ result, the boys were beaten