第二单元 研究物质的实验方法,第一课时 物质的分离与提纯,Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0. Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.,Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0. Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.,物质的提纯是指将混合物中的主要成分（或某种指定物质）净化，而把其它杂质除去。则只要将杂质除去即可。,分离与提纯的基本原理：,混和物的分离是指用物理、化学方法将混和物中各组分分开，并恢复到原状态，得到比较纯的物质。,物质提纯的原则为：不增（不引入新的杂质）、不减、易分离、易复原。,Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0. Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.,Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0. Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.,实验室中用KClO3在MnO2催化下受热分解制取氧气。如何从反应后的KCl和MnO2的混合物中分离、提纯这两种物质？,溶解、过滤、蒸发、结晶 洗涤、干燥,交流与讨论,Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0. Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.,Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0. Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.,过滤物质的分离和提纯方法之一,（1）适用除去溶液里混有不溶于溶剂的杂质(固液混合物的分离）,（2）主要仪器：漏斗、烧杯、玻璃棒、铁架台（带铁圈）、滤纸等。,（3）装置图：,Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0. Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.,Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0. Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.,滤纸边缘低于漏斗边缘，滤纸液面低于滤纸边缘。,烧杯靠在玻璃棒上使液体沿玻璃棒流下。,一贴，二低，三靠,Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0. Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.,Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0. Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.,蒸发物质的分离和提纯方法之二,（1）是将溶液浓缩、溶剂汽化或溶质以晶体 析出的方法，适用于分离溶于溶剂中的溶质。,（2）主要仪器： 铁架台、酒精灯、 蒸发皿、玻璃棒。,（3）装置图：,Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0. Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.,Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0. Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.,（4）注意事项,A、蒸发皿中的液体不超过容积的2/3。,B、蒸发过程中必须用玻璃棒不断搅拌，防止局部温度过高而使液体飞溅。,C、当出现大量固体时，应停止加热用余热蒸干。,D、不能把热的蒸发皿直接放在实验台上，应垫上石棉网。,Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0. Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.,Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0. Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.,请问：海水通过日晒得到粗盐，其中使用了什么分离方法？,结晶物质的分离和提纯方法之三,Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0. Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.,Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0. Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.,现有混有少量氯化钾的硝酸钾粉末，请参照右图的溶解度曲线,设计实验方案提纯硝酸钾。,思考与讨论,溶解、结晶,Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0. Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.,Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0. Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.,结晶是溶质从溶液中析出晶体的过程，可以用来分离和提纯几种可溶性固体的混合物。结晶的原理是根据混合物中各成分在某种溶剂里的溶解度的不同，通过蒸发减少溶剂或降低温度使溶解度变小，从而使晶体析出。,Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0. Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.,Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0. Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.,观察与思考,滴加四氯化碳的试管出现分层,上层无色,下层出现橙红色,四氯化碳不溶与水,比水重,溴在四氯化碳中溶解性更好,滴加四氯化碳的试管出现分层,上层无色,下层出现紫色,四氯化碳不溶与水,比水重,碘在四氯化碳中溶解性更好,Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0. Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.,Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0. Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.,萃取:利用物质在互不相溶的溶剂中溶解度的不同，将 物质从一种溶剂转移到另一种溶剂中，从而实现分 离的方法。,萃取剂的选择条件： 1、萃取剂与原溶剂不互溶、不反应 2、溶质在萃取剂中有较大的溶解度,操作注意： 充分振荡，充分静置，然后分液,萃取、分液物质的分离和提纯方法之四,Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0. Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.,Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0. Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.,分液：两种互不相溶液体的分离,操作注意：分液时保持漏斗内与大气压一致； 下层溶液下口出，上层溶液上口出,振荡,静置,分液,Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0. Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.,Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0. Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.,1、某地区的自来水中混有少量Fe3+,实验室如何获得少量纯净的水？,思 考,2、已知醋酸的沸点是118，乙醇的沸点是78.5 ，如何将二者分离？,Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0. Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.,Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0. Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.,蒸馏物质的分离和提纯方法之四,分离物质：,沸点相差较大的液体混合物， 或除去水中难挥发或不挥发的物质,Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0. Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.,Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0. Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.,蒸馏烧瓶(具支烧瓶),冷凝管 (低进高出),牛角管,锥形瓶,温度计(注意水银球位置),另外还有 酒精灯、铁架台、石棉网、碎瓷片,Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0. Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.,Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0