课时8 内环境及其稳态,Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0. Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.,Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0. Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.,一、细胞生活的环境,=内环境,体 液,细胞内液,细胞外液,（2/3）,血浆 组织液 淋巴,（存在于细胞外）,（存在于细胞内）,对内环境的论述不正确的是 A、内环境指的是体液 B、内环境指的是细胞外液 C、内环境指的是细胞内液 D、内环境指的是组织液、血液和淋巴,A C D,Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0. Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.,Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0. Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.,二、细胞外液的成分,在下列物质中，不属于人体内环境组成成分的是 A、血红蛋白 B、葡萄糖 C、二氧化碳和氧气 D、激素,A,组织液、淋巴的成分和含量与血浆接近，但是不完全相同，最主要的区别是血浆中含有较多的，而组织液和淋巴中较少,蛋白质,小伟换痢疾出现腹泻而引起严重脱水，医生除了用药物治疗外还考虑补液。下列补液方法中，最恰当的是 A.喝葡萄糖水 B.喝橘子汁 C.输生理盐水 D.喝蒸馏水,C,Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0. Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.,Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0. Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.,据图思考：血浆、组织液、淋巴之间的关系,血浆,淋巴,组织液,Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0. Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.,Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0. Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.,四、细胞外液理化性质的三个主要方面,（一）渗透压的大小: 与溶液浓度成正比,（二）酸碱度,（ 7.357.45 ）HCO3-,(三)温度：细胞外液的温度一般维持在37度左右,五、内环境的作用,内环境是细胞与外界进行物质交换的媒介,六、内环境的稳态及调节,1、内环境稳态的实质 （1）稳态不是绝对稳定而是相对稳定。 （2）稳态的实质指内环境理化性质保持动态的稳定。,2、内环境稳态的调节:神经体液免疫调节,3、内环境稳态的重要意义 内环境稳态是机体进行正常生命活动的必要条件,Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0. Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.,Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0. Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.,课时9动物和人体生命活动的调节,Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0. Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.,Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0. Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.,神经元,细胞体：代谢和营养中心 突起,轴突：一根，把冲动传离细胞体 树突：多而短，接受刺激，把冲动传向 细胞体,1、神经元神经系统的基本结构和功能单位,一、通过神经系统的调节,Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0. Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.,Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0. Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.,2、神经调节的基本方式反射, 反射,反射：在中枢神经系统参与下，动物体或人对内外界环境变化作出的规律性应答。, 反射弧,反射弧是完成反射活动的结构基础，它包括：感受器、传入神经、神经中枢、传出神经和效应器五个部分。,Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0. Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.,Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0. Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.,3、兴奋在神经纤维上的传导,兴奋是以电信号的形式沿着神经纤维传导，这种电信号也叫神经冲动。,1、未受刺激时（静息状态）：外正内负,2、受刺激时：外负内正,双向传导,3、特点：,在一条离体神经纤维的中段施加电刺激，使其兴奋。下图表示刺激时的膜内外电位变化和所产生的神经冲动传导方向(横向箭头表示传导方向)。其中正确的是（ ）,Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0. Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.,Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0. Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.,4、兴奋在神经元（神经细胞）间的传递,兴奋在神经元与神经元之间是通过突触来传递的,兴奋在神经元之间进行传递时，突触小泡会释放传递信息的物质，该物质是 A神经递质 BCO2 CNa+ DO2,A,注：兴奋在神经元间传导的特点：,单向传递,Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0. Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.,Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0. Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.,三、神经系统的分级调节,Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0. Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.,Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0. Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.,运动性言语区,听觉性言语区,视觉性言语区,书写性言语区,人脑大脑皮层（左半球）的言语区,Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0. Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.,Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0. Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.,胰岛素,降血糖,胰岛细胞,胰高血糖素,升血糖,胰岛细胞,血糖过高,血糖过低,1、激素调节的实例血糖平衡调节,第二节、激素调节的发现,糖尿病在现代社会中的发病率越来越高，某糖尿病患者需要定期注射能降低血糖水平的激素进行治疗，该激素为 A胰岛素B生长激素 C胸腺激素 D雄性激素,A,Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0. Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.,Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0. Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.,人体的血糖水平受到胰岛素和胰高血糖素的调节，胰岛素降低血糖水平，胰高血糖素升高血糖水平。胰高血糖素的作用之一是促进 A肝糖原的合成 B肝糖原的分解 C葡萄糖的储存 D葡萄糖的氧化,B,Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0. Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.,Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0. Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.,下 丘 脑,垂 体,促甲状腺激素释放激素 TRH,促甲状腺激素 TSH,甲状腺激素,细胞代谢,反馈调节,甲 状 腺,反馈,Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0. Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.,Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0. Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose