油研2013演讲与写作构思,Selecting topics Analyzing audience Supporting ideas Organizing the body of the speech Beginning and ending the speech Outlining speech Using language,Purpose of speech,Inform: information Persuade: change audience,Principles of specific purposes,Make sure the central idea is not too general Express the central idea as a full sentence State the central idea as a declarative sentence, not as a question Avoid figurative language in the central idea,exercises,Donate blood To inform my audience about the history of Western civilization To inform my audience about Guilin To inform my audience that something has to be done about traffic jams. To inform my audience how to use the subway system in Berlin, Germany.,General purpose: Specific purpose: Central idea: Main points: You should study abroad because it will enhance your personal development. You should study abroad because it will enhance your academic development. You should study abroad because it will enhance your career development.,General purpose: Specific purpose: Central idea: Main points: The first event in triathlon is swimming, The second event in triathlon is cycling. The first event in triathlon is running.,General purpose: Specific purpose: Central idea: Main points:,Analyzing audience,Audience-centered: Obama To whom am I speaking? What do I want them to know, believe, or do as a result of my speech? What is the most effective way of composing and presenting my speech to accomplish that aim?,Adapting to the Audience,Before the speech: assessing how your audiece is likely to respong to what you say in your speech; adjusting what your say to make it as clear, appropriate, and convincing. During the speech: keep an eye out for audience feedback. Frown or respond with quizzical looks, you may need to back up and go over your point again. After the speech: survey, modify, next speech.,Supporting ideas,Examples Statistics Quotations(paraphrase),Examples,Brief Examples Extended Examples Hypothetical Examples,Brief Examples (specific statements): Changes in technology have made it possible for doctors to work wonders that once seemed impossible. Roger Charter, for example, lost both his feet when they were crushed in a truck accident, Now he has new feet-made of a springy plastic alloy that duplicates a normal arch. Not only can he walk normally, but he can run and play sports again. The miraculous nature of recent advances in creating artificial limbs for accident victims.,Japanese businessmen have already applied Confucian ethics in their business management, and the American military academy, West Point, has taken Sunzis The Art of War as one of their textbooks, In these years, the cream of our culture, such as traditional medical science and medicine, acupuncture, Tai Chi, and paper cutting, has won popularity in the world. Chinas traditional culture has vigor and vitality in todays globalization.,Extended examples (narratives, illustrations, anecdotes):telling stories Hypothetical examples:Imagine this: your father has been stricken with serious heart disease. At the hospital, your learn he has a chance to survive-if he can receive a heart transplant. But there are no heart donors available. Your father is of the 1.5 million Chinese each year who need an organ transplant but cannot get one because of a shortage of donors.,Statistics Use representative statistics Identify the sources of statistics Use statistics from reliable sources Round off complicated statistics Explain statistics,Quotations(paraphrase) Use quotations from unbiased sources Identify the people quote and paraphrase,Organizing the body of the speech,Body is determined by main points. Strategic order of main points Chronological order Spatial order Problem-solution order Topical order,Chronological order,Specific purpose: to inform audience how the Great Wall of China was built. Central idea: the Great Wall of China was built in three major stages. Main points:Qin dynasty Han dynasty Ming dynasty,Specific purpose: to inform audience your educational backgrounds Central idea: in three major stages. Main points:,Spatial order,Specific purpose: to inform audience about the three major regions in Italy Central idea: northern, southern and central Italy have their own identities and attractions. Main points:,Problem-solution order,Specific purpose: to persuade audience tougher measure are needed to control illegal selling of antiques. Central idea: illegal selling of antiques is a serious problem that requires a combination of government action and individual awareness. Main points:,Specific purpose:to persuade audience that China should implement stricter law enforcement to prevent accidents in coal mines. Central idea: Main points:,Topical order,Specific purpose: to inform audience about the achievements of da Vinci Central idea: painter, an inventor, an astronomer Main points:,Specific purpose: to persuade audience that China should continue its