TCM DIAGNOSTICS,The difinition of TCM Diagnostics The fundamentals of TCM diagnosis The content of TCM Diagnostics Diagnostic methods Syndrome differentiation,The difinition of TCM Diagnostics A traditional Chinese medicine doctor assesses a persons syndromes and disease,and state of health,by collecting and analyzing clinical information on the basis of diagnostic methods. TCM diagnostic is a study of the theories, methods and techniques of diagnosis used in TCM.,Diagnostic methods Inspection : the doctor purposefully observe the whole body or local regions and excreta of the patient in order to understand the pathological conditions. The inspection covers such aspects as the vitaly ,or manifestations of life activies and spirit,complexion,physical build as well as posture and physical movement.,Auscultation and olfaction: means listening to the voice and smelling the odors emitted from the patient as well as the secreta and excreta. Under pathological condition: Low and weak voice indicates deficiency syndrome; sonorous (圆润低沉的)voice suggest excess syndrome. Putrid（腐烂的） and foul smell in the mouth suggests gingivitis or internal ulcer; foul sweating is usually caused by interior exuberance of heat-toxin.,Inquiry :used to understand the occurrence and progressof diseas, treament,present subjective symptoms and other things concering the disease by asking the patient or his or her companion.,The content of inquiry includes: the chief complaints主诉 the history of present illness现病史 anamnesis既病史 personal history and family history,Pulse-taking and palpation: performed by pressing certain parts of the body to examine the patients. The characteristics of normal pulse: Being full of stomach (gastric) qi 有胃 Being full of spirit/vitality 有神 Being rooted 有根,Morbid pulse 浮 脉 Floating pulse 沉 脉 Sunken pulse 结 脉Slow and intermittent pulse 迟 脉 Slowing pulse 细 脉 Thin/Fine pulse 促 脉 Rapid and intermittent pulse 代 脉Intermittent pulse 缓 脉 Moderate pulse 滑 脉 Slippery pulse 数 脉 Rapid pulse 涩 脉 Rough pulse 虚 脉 Vacuous/Weak pulse 弦 脉String-like pulse 实 脉 Replete/Powerful pulse,Syndrome differentiation Eight Principle Pattern,The eight principle（八纲）:to analyze and recognize the syndrome of disease Exterior Interior Cold Heat “Xu” “Shi” :Deficiency Excessive Yin Yang,The usual clinical manifestation of yin syndromes include: grayish complexion dispiritedness lassitude and weakness bland taste in the mouth and no thirst light-colored and bulgy tongue,Ying and yang are the general principles among the eight principles. In diagnosis,all diseases can be generalized into either yin or yang according to the clinical manifestation.,The usual clinical manifestation of yang syndromes include: reddish complexion scorching sensation of the skin heavy and hoarse voice deep-red tongue panting with rales in the throat,The exterior and interior are two principles for differtiating the location and severity of disease. Exterior syndrome,usually seen at the early stage of exogenous diseases marked by sudden onset and short duration. Interior syndrome, usually seen at the middle and late stages of exogenous diseases or endogenous diseases.,The general clinical manifestation of the exterior syndromes are fever,aversionto 恶cold or wind, heaviness of the body and head ect. The general clinical manifestation of the interior syndromes are high fever, dysphoria 烦躁不安and unconsciousness, thirst,abdominal pain ,constipation便秘 or diarrhea and vomiting ect.,Cold and heat are two principles used to differentiate the nature of diseases. Cold syndrome, including exterior cold,interior cold, deficiency-cold and excess-cold. Heat syndrome,including superficial heat,interior heat,deficiency-heat and excess-heat.,The usual clinical manifestation of cold syndrome are: aversion to cold and preference for warmth floating whitish complexion bland taste in the mouth and no thirst The common clinical manifestation of heat syndrome are: aversion to heat and preference for cold thirst with preference for cold drinks retention of dry feces flushed cheeks and red eyes,Dificiency and excess are two principles for differentiating the states of pathogenic factors and healthy qi. Dificiency syndrome,including deficiency of yin,yang,qi,blood, essence,body fluid and the viscera,is caused either by congenital先天的 insufficiency or postnatal malnutrition. excess syndrome is caused by attack of exogenous pathogenic factors or dysfunction of the viscera that leads to the interior retention of phlegm,fluid,dampness and blood stasis.,The usual clinical manifestation of dificiency syndrome are: pale or sallow complexion shortness of breath cold body and limbes spontaneous The usual clinical manifestation of excess syndrome are: fever abdominal pain aggravated by pressure chest distress and dysphoria dripping urination with pain,