Rhetorical Devices (修辞手段),语体文体修辞学：（Stylistics）语体部分研究语言在不同的交际领域中所形成的功能分化，如科技语体、公文语体、新闻语体、法律语体、口语语体等；文体部分则研究文学语言与风格，包括个人风格与时代、流派风格。 人文修辞学：（Rhetoric）重点研究控制读者或听者反应的技巧，具体包括：语言符号在各种交际活动中的影响力，深化认识和影响感情的手段，劝说的各种论辩技巧，表达内容与表达方式之间的关系等。,Parallelism. You begin or end a series of clauses or sentences with the same words, in order to emphasize a similarity or parallelism in the ideas being stated. With calm confidence we began the speech course. With calm confidence we did each exercise, gave each speech, took each exam. With calm confidence we await our final grades.,Parallelism. Fondly do we hope, fervently do we pray, that this mighty scourge of war may speedily pass away. You are right. But your patch is not big enough,Periodic sentence (掉尾句，圆周句). When a speaker wants to arouse mild curiosity and then satisfy it with a sense of natural finish within a sentence, he can make the climax of meaning and the end of the sentence coincide. To impart an impression of crisp control in speaking we use periodic sentences. In any case, avoid the indefinite loose sentence, in which even shifts in thinking are connected by “and uh”as if the speaker feared his life must end with the end of the sentence. At the end of the sentence, stop. Then start the next sentence. Periodic sentences achieve forcefulness by suspense. The essential elements in the sentences are withheld until the end. Yesterday while I was walking down the street I met him. Any man or state who fights on against Nazidom will have our aid.,Next came the Court of Women, followed by the Court of Israelites, the Court of the Priests and , above all, the massive sacrificial altar. To this should be added a faithful collection of the revenue, a strict accountability to the Treasury for every dollar collected, and the greatest practicable retrenchment in expenditure in every department of Government.,Ellipsis. In giving a series of details, you can produce a greater sense of energy or urgency by leaving out “and” or other grammatically normal words. “ The abandoned dog was starved, flea-ridden, scared.” “He had a quick, sarcastic mind; a master of the put-down.” The audience participated by mentally filling in the missing words, such as “he was” in the middle of the latter sentence.,Metaphor (暗喻): One object is likened to another by speaking of it as if it were that other. The world is a stage. The devices ubiquitous eye,sensing where people are at all times. “These magical beasts”, as they have been called, are assisting hassled, often incompetent teachers.,Metonymy（换喻）: The name of one thing is applied to another thing with which it is closely associated. Have you read much Shakespeare? The English simply worship the crown. For the wonder and the horror of the Web is not that it takes you out into the world; on the contrary, it brings the world into your home.,Allusion （典故/引喻）: it is a casual mention or an indirect reference to some person,fact, idea, event, either historical or fictional. The purpose is to make or arouse association and vivid imagination. Those same kids on line are just a few key strokes away from Pandoras hard drive. It just makes it forbidden fruit. The microelectronic revolution promises to simplify life in ways undreamed of even by the utopians.,Parody（模仿）: using the words, thought, or style of an author, but by a slight change adapting them to a new purpose or ridiculously inappropriate subject;the imitation or exaggeration of traits of style so as to make them appear ludicrous. Britannia rues the waves (comes from a well-known line,”Britannia Rules the Waves”,of the famous British navy song ) Brave New Web (from Huxleys Brave New World),Synecdoche (提喻/举隅): A part of something is used for the whole or the whole for the part. We need 20 hands to build the pool. How many heads were counted at the dance. This tidal wave of downloading stretched the seams of both AOL and MSNBC.,Onomatopoeia(拟声）: A word resembles the sound it describes or the use of words that suggest their meaning when pronounced. E.g. The buzzing of the bees was a magic sound. . the Nazi war machine, with its clanking, heel-clicking, dandified Prussian officers, Simile（明喻）: two unlike things are compared, the comparison being make by the use of the introducing like or as. E.g. Childhood is like a swiftly passing dream. I see the dull, drilled, docile, brutish masses of the Hun soldiery plodding on like a swarm of crawling locusts.,Euphemism（委婉）: it is the conveying of a harsh or an unpleasant truth gently. E.g. die- pass away; depart; go to heaven stupid people- slow learner Irony（反话）: is a figure of speech which consists in saying one thing but meaning the opposite.,Beginning two or more words in a series with the same sound is a novelty that has mild interest effect. We began our trip in a car that was a rusty, rattling wreck. Heavy use of alliteration calls attention to itself, but can, like a catchy jingle, help make an idea memorable: My oppon