Chapter 6 Turbines and Chapter 6 Turbines and Chapter 6 Turbines and Chapter 6 Turbines and Chapter 6 Turbines and Chapter 6 Turbines and Chapter 6 Turbines and Chapter 6 Turbines and MotorsMotorsMotorsMotorsMotorsMotorsMotorsMotors 导言导言(Introduction)(Introduction)(Introduction)(Introduction) 蒸汽透平：将蒸汽的能量转换成为机械功蒸汽透平：将蒸汽的能量转换成为机械功 的旋转式动力机械。主要用作发电用的原的旋转式动力机械。主要用作发电用的原 动机，也可直接驱动各种泵、风机、压缩动机，也可直接驱动各种泵、风机、压缩 机和船舶螺旋桨等。还可以利用汽轮机的机和船舶螺旋桨等。还可以利用汽轮机的 排汽或中间抽汽满足生产和生活上的供热排汽或中间抽汽满足生产和生活上的供热 需要需要 。 6.2 Kinds of Turbines 6.2 Kinds of Turbines 6.2 Kinds of Turbines 6.2 Kinds of Turbines Para 1: Classification of turbines Para 1: Classification of turbines Para 1: Classification of turbines Para 1: Classification of turbines AirAirAirAir pressurepressurepressurepressure Pressure Pressure Pressure Pressure of a of a of a of a liquidliquidliquidliquid High-High-High-High- pressure pressure pressure pressure gasesgasesgasesgases The forceThe forceThe forceThe force (velocity) (velocity) (velocity) (velocity) of a gasof a gasof a gasof a gas Principle of Principle of Principle of Principle of Principle of Principle of Principle of Principle of operationoperationoperationoperationoperationoperationoperationoperation (the rotor (the rotor (the rotor (the rotor turns in turns in turns in turns in response to)response to)response to)response to) WindWindWindWindWindWindWindWindhydraulichydraulichydraulichydraulichydraulichydraulichydraulichydraulicgasgasgasgasgasgasgasgassteamsteamsteamsteamsteamsteamsteamsteamtypestypestypestypestypestypestypestypes Para 2: Classification of steam turbines Para 2: Classification of steam turbines Para 2: Classification of steam turbines Para 2: Classification of steam turbines Steam from Steam from Steam from Steam from an external an external an external an external source acts source acts source acts source acts on the rotor on the rotor on the rotor on the rotor to create to create to create to create movementmovementmovementmovement Movement Movement Movement Movement is a reactive is a reactive is a reactive is a reactive response to response to response to response to the release the release the release the release of steam of steam of steam of steam from an from an from an from an internal internal internal internal sourcesourcesourcesource Low-Low-Low-Low- pressure pressure pressure pressure steam steam steam steam applicationsapplicationsapplicationsapplications VacuumVacuumVacuumVacuum pressurepressurepressurepressure opera-opera-opera-opera-opera-opera-opera-opera- tiontiontiontiontiontiontiontion ImpulseImpulseImpulseImpulseImpulseImpulseImpulseImpulse 冲击（动）式冲击（动）式冲击（动）式冲击（动）式 ReactionReactionReactionReactionReactionReactionReactionReaction 反击（动）式反击（动）式反击（动）式反击（动）式 noncondennoncondennoncondennoncondennoncondennoncondennoncondennonconden- - - - - - - - singsingsingsingsingsingsingsing CondenCondenCondenCondenCondenCondenCondenConden- - - - - - - - singsingsingsingsingsingsingsing typestypestypestypestypestypestypestypes 6.3 History of Steam Turbines6.3 History of Steam Turbines6.3 History of Steam Turbines6.3 History of Steam Turbines 公元公元1 1世纪世纪，亚历山大的希罗记述的利用蒸汽反，亚历山大的希罗记述的利用蒸汽反 作用力而旋转的汽转球，是最早的反动式汽轮机作用力而旋转的汽转球，是最早的反动式汽轮机 的雏形。的雏形。 1629162916291629年，意大利的年，意大利的G.deG.deG.deG.de布兰卡提出由一股布兰卡提出由一股 蒸汽冲击叶片而旋转的转轮。蒸汽冲击叶片而旋转的转轮。 1882188218821882年，瑞典的年，瑞典的C.G.P.deC.G.P.deC.G.P.deC.G.P.de拉瓦尔制成第一台拉瓦尔制成第一台 5 5 5 5马力（马力（3.673.673.673.67千瓦）的单级冲动式汽轮机。千瓦）的单级冲动式汽轮机。 1884188418841884年，英国的年，英国的C.A.C.A.C.A.C.A.帕森斯制成第一台帕森斯制成第一台10101010马马 力（力（7.357.357.357.35千瓦）的多级反动式汽轮机。千瓦）的多级反动式汽轮机。 1910191019101910年，瑞典的年，瑞典的B.B.B.B. F.F.F.F.容克斯川兄弟制成容克斯川兄弟制成 辐流的反动式汽轮机。辐流的反动式汽轮机。 20202020世纪初，法国的世纪初，法国的A.A.A.A.拉托和瑞士的拉托和瑞士的H.H.H.H.佐莱佐莱 分别制造了多级冲动式汽轮机，美国的分别制造了多级冲动式汽轮机，美国的C.G.C.G.C.G.C.G. 柯蒂斯制成多个速度级的汽轮机。柯蒂斯制成多个速度级的汽轮机。 6.3 History of Steam Turbines6.3 History of Steam Turbines6.3 History of Steam Turbines6.3 History of Steam Turbines 此后的经济衰退和第二次世界大战期间爆发，使此后的经济衰退和第二次世界大战期间爆发，使 汽轮机单机功率的增大处于停顿状态。汽轮机单机功率的增大处于停顿状态。 20202020世纪世纪50505050年代年代，随着战后经济发展，电力需求突，随着战后经济发展，电力需求突 飞猛进，单机功率又开始不断增大，陆续出现了飞猛进，单机功率又开始不断增大，陆续出现了 325325325325600600600600兆瓦的大型汽轮机；兆瓦的大型汽轮机； 20202020世纪世纪60606060年代年代制成了制成了1000100010001000兆瓦汽轮机；兆瓦汽轮机； 20202020世纪世纪70707070年代年代，制成了，制成了1300130013001300兆瓦汽轮机。兆瓦汽轮机。 现在现在许多国家常用的单机功率为许多国家常用的单机功率为300300300300600600600600兆瓦。兆瓦。 6.3 History of Steam Turbines6.3 History of Steam Turbines6.3 History of Steam Turbines6.3 History of Steam Turbines 6.4 Operating Principles of Steam Turbines 6.4 Operating Principles of Steam Turbines 6.4 Operating Principles of Steam Turbines 6.4 Operating Principles of Steam Turbines 1. The primary operating principle: 1st Para1. The primary operating principle: 1st Para1. The primary operating principle: 1st Para1. The primary operating principle: 1st Para to to to to convertconvertconvertconvert steam energy (kinetic energy)steam energy (kinetic energy)steam energy (kinetic energy)steam energy (kinetic energy) intointointointo mechanical energymechanical energymechanical energymechanical en