Unit Two - A Brief Introduction to the United Kingdom,The Troublesome Northern Ireland,Contents,Brief Introduction to the Northern Ireland,Irelands colonial history,The Troubles in the Northern Ireland,Towards a Solution,Part 1: Brief Introduction to the Northern Ireland,Northern Ireland, also called Ulster, was once an ancient Irish kingdom. It is the smallest of the four nations, both in area(14 139sqkm) and population(1.642 million). So its smaller than many Chinese cities. Its capital, Belfast, is a relatively small town of around 350 000people. It is small, but it is significant, even well-known for the political troubles there.,City hall, Belfast,Part : Irelands colonial history,1. Change of UKs Name Until 1921 the full name of the UK was “ The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland”, not only Northern Ireland”, because the whole island of Ireland was politically integrated with Great Britain, and had been since 1801.(p21) 2. The trouble of the northern and southern Ireland 2.1 Southerners Campaign for Independence 2.2 Northerners Appeal for Union with Britain 2.3 Result: Compromise 2.4 Post name-change age,2.1Sotherners Campaign for Independence (p21),A. peaceful way - Third Home Rule Bill B. violent way a. The Easter Rising in 1916 b. the IRAs (Irish Republican Army) fighting in 1919. C. Political way Sinn Fein (“Ourselves Alone”) party, a legal political party, who were supporters of the Irish terrorists (or freedom-fighters, depending your point of view ), gained most of the Irish seats in the British parliament, Irish independence became inevitable.,IRA and the Sinn Fein party,IRA Irish Republican Army 爱尔兰共和军：爱尔兰民族主义者于1919年建立，旨在通过暴力和恐怖行动建立一个联合的爱尔兰共和国的军事组织；2005年9月28日，发表声明宣布即日停止武装斗争，加入和平进程,the Sinn Fein party “Ourselves Alone” Supporters of the Irish terrorists Theoretically an extremist party, which has lots of connections with IRA,2.2 Northerners Appeal for Union with Britain,A. From the time of the Queen Elizabeth (from the late 1590s) the new settlers, loyal to the British crown and Protestant in religious persuasion, were granted land, position, and privileges in Northern Ireland.,B. British government stimulate the religious problem In the 17th century, the English government, trying to increase its control of Ireland, encouraged people from Scotland and Northern England to emigrate to the troublesome north of Ireland. C. The northerners appeal As a result, the northeastern part of Ireland gained a population who saw themselves differently from the rest of the Irish people. They thought of themselves as British, and wished to remain a part of the British state.,2.3 Result: Compromise,Faced with conflicting demands the British government chose a compromise and organized a partition of Ireland. The southern 26 counties would form an independent “free state”, while the 6 northeastern counties would remain a part of the UK. This is what happened in 1921, bringing to an end of 700 years of British rule in southern Ireland. (p22),2.4 Post name-change age,The Conflict did not end, but suspended from 1921 to 1970s, more than 50 years.,Part : The Troubles in the Northern Ireland,Background (p22) Blasting Fuse: American Civil War in1861 Uncle Toms Cabin 汤姆叔叔的小屋 Little Women 小妇人 Gone with the Wind 飘,3. The wars (p23) peaceful marches, speeches, and sit-ins. In 1969, British soldiers came. (They came first to protect the Catholic people, however, the longer they stayed, the more they were seen as the symbol of British rule in Northern Ireland.) In the early 1970s the IRA carried out a campaign of bombing and shooting, usually targeting the security force. 1972, “ Bloody Sunday”,Part : Towards a Solution(p26-7),1. “home-rule” in 1910s 2. Downing Street Declaration in 1993 (p26) 3. The Good Friday Agreement (p26-7) . a power-sharing executive . The Anglo-Irish Agreement . Good Friday Agreement,Part : Conclusion,Today Northern Ireland must be the only country in the world which is recognized as an independent entity but which is governed, in effect, by three separate jurisdictions: that of the Repulic of Ireland, that of Great Britain, and that of its own elected executive government. Although it is a self governing nation, Northern Ireland is part of the constitutional monarchy within the UK and the currency is the British pound.,Though Northern Ireland is small, it is significant because of the political troubles there. However, you should remember that it is a place where ordinary life continues, to which the troubles are an addition, rather than the main preoccupation of everyday life. Apart from the troubles, crime is very low, and the murder-rate is much lower than in most American cities.,Wish the Northern Ireland a Peaceful Journey!,