.,“Introduction to Computer Science”,计算机文化基础,USTB Computer Department,.,“Introduction to Computer Science”,Class : Total 30 hours Lecture 16 hours, Lab 14 hours Grading: Final exam 70% Others 30% Website: Username: S 学号 Password: 123456 Instructor : Taohong Zhang Contact: ,.,Contents,Chapter 1: Computers and Digital Basics Chapter 2: Computer Hardware Chapter 3: Computer Software Chapter 4: OS Chapter 5: Network Chapter 6: Compress,.,Chapter 1 Computers and digital basics,When you have completed this chapter you should be able to: Define the term “computer”, “microcomputer” know the digital revolution know the history of computer development know the type of computer and function of computer Differentiate between data and information, analog and digital Describe how digital devices represent numbers, text, images, and sound,master number and code . storage form of information number system and conversion of number,.,Section A all things digital,The DIGITAL REVOLUTION,What is the digital revolution? The digital revolution is an ongoing process of social, political, and economic change brought by digital technology. What technologies are fueling the digital revolution? Digital electronics, computers, communications, networks, the Web, and digitization What caused the sudden upswing in computer ownership? The network and the Web Digitization is the process of converting text, numbers, sound, photos and video into data that can be processed by digital devices.,.,A computer network is a group of computers linked by wired or wireless technology to share data and resources. The Internet is a global computer network The Web (short for World Wide Web) is a collection of linked documents, graphics, and sounds that can be accessed over the Internet.,Section A all things digital,Concepts:,.,CONVERGENCE What is convergence? (P.8 of E) How does convergence affect the typical consumer? Quality,Section A all things digital,DIGITAL SOCIETY,.,What is a computer? (Von Neumanns definition),A computer is a multipurpose device that accepts input, process data, stores data, and produces output, all according to a series of stored instructions (P14.),Adopt binary system Store Information,Section B Digital Devices,.,A computer accepts input,“Input” : The words and symbols in a document, numbers for a calculation, pictures, temperatures from a thermostat, audio signals from a microphone, and instructions for completing a process; An input device gathers and translates input into a form that the computer can process. Keyboard is the main( standard ) input device,Section B Digital Devices,.,A computer produce output,“output” : results produced by a computer Reports Documents Graphs Music The main output device: monitor printer,Section B Digital Devices,.,A computer processes data,data refers to the symbols that represent facts, objects, and ideas “process data” : Performing calculations Modifying documents and pictures Sorting lists of words or numbers (p15 F.1-13) Drawing graphs, A computer processes data in a device called the central processing unit (CPU),Section B Digital Devices,.,A computer stores data,“Store data” : perform automatically Memory - data waiting to be used Storage - data left on a permanent basis while it is not needed for process File - is a named collection of data that exists on a storage medium,Section B Digital Devices,.,computer program -The series of instructions that tells computer how to carry out processing tasks. Software- programs,What kind of software do computer run? System software (P. 16) Application software (P. 16),Section B Digital Devices,Whats so significant to store instructions,.,The Evolution of Computer,History 1.The First Generation- Vacuum Tubes (1946-1956)（电子管） 1946 ENIAC (Electronic numerical integrator and calculator) General-purpose electronic digital computer Wartime needs Decimal Programmed manually 1952 EDVAC (The Von Neumann Machine) (Electronic discrete variable automatic computer) Stored-program concept Had general structure and function,.,The Evolution of Computer,Weight:30t Storage:80 byte Speed:5000/s,.,1950s The birth of Computer Industry Commercial Computers IBM：Series of 700/7000 2. The Second Generation: Transistors（1957-1964）（晶体管） 1947 Bell Labs invented transistor The late 1950s NCR, RCA Deliver the new technology IBM 7094 Size of memory grew from 2K to 32K. Memory cycle time (the time to access one word of memory )fell from 30s to 1.4 s. Note: 1K = 210 =1024,The Evolution of Computer,.,3. The Third Generation: Integrated Circuits (1965-1971) 4. Later Generations (1972-至今) Large-scale integration (LSI): 1000 components Very-large-scale integration (VLSI):100,000 components Microprocessors: -microcomputer(pc) All of the components of a CPU on a single chip the difference of computer and microcomputer: 1) microprocessor; 2) bus structure,The Evolution of Computer,.,计算机发展的四个阶段,.,Chinese “神威” computer,384 CPU 384,000,0