社会语言学 第十讲社会方言：阶层与职业,西方社会分层的两大理论传统,职业与阶层紧密关联,中国 美国,William Labov生平,Professor, Departments of Linguistics, University of Pennsylvania, Born: Dec 4, 1927, Rutherford, NJ Columbia University, M.A., 1963; Ph.D. 1964 Industrial chemist, Union Ink Co., Ridgefield, NJ, 1949-1960 Assistant Professor, Columbia University, 1964-1970 Associate Professor, Professor, University of Pennsylvania, 1971- Director, Linguistics Laboratory, University of Pennsylvania, 1976-,William Labov主要著作,The social motivation of a sound change, 1963 The Social Stratification of English in New York City.,1966 Sociolinguistic Patterns, 1972 Language in the Inner City, 1972 Principles of Linguistic Change. Volume 1: Internal Factors , 1994. Principles of Linguistic Change. Volume 2: Social Factors. 2001. Principles of Linguistic Change, Volume 3:Cognitive and Cultural Factors, 2010 with U. Weinreich the other large store in the area, Ohrbachs, recently raised its price and advertising level and moved uptown.,调查方法,The interviewer approached the informant in the role of a customer asking for directions to a particular department. The department was one which was located on the fourth floor. When the interviewer asked, “Excuse me, where are the womens shoes?” the answer would normally be, “Fourth floor.” The interviewer then leaned forward and said, “Excuse me?” He would usually then obtain another utterance, “Fourth floor,” spoken in careful style under emphatic stress. The interviewer would then move along the aisle of the store to a point immediately beyond the informants view, and make a written note of the data.,调查方法,This method of interviewing was applied in each aisle on the floor as many times as possible before the spacing of the informants became so close that it was noticed that the same question was asked before. Each floor of the store was investigated in the same way. On the fourth floor, the form of the question was necessarily different: “Excuse me, what floor is this?” Following this method, 68 interviews were obtained in Saks, 125 in Macys, and 71 in Klein. Total interviewing time for the 264 subjects was about six and one-half hours.,调查结果,扩大调查,Labov 突破了什么？,Synchronic structural systems and diachronic historical developments must be studied in isolation. Sound change cannot be directly observed. Feelings about language are inaccessible. The linguist should not use non-linguistic data to explain linguistic change.,