1,Lecture 3,2,Lecture 3,讲授题目： Morphological Structure of English Words 所属章节： 现代英语词汇学概论之第2章计划学时：2 periods 教学方法：传统讲授法 参考资料：英语词汇学教程、英语词汇学 教学目的和要求：通过本单元的学习，学生对词的形态结构、词的构成要素词 素、词干、词根有基本的了解和认识。,3,Morphological Structure of English Words,教学重点： 1) Morpheme; 2) Types of morphemes. 教学难点： 1) Concept of morpheme; 2) Morpheme、stem 、base 、 root.,4,Lecture 3 Morphological Structure of English Words,Before we actually deal with the means of word-formation, we need to analyze the morphological structure of words and gain a working knowledge of the different word-forming elements which are to be used to create new words.,5,1. Morpheme (词素/语素/形位),A word is the smallest unit of a language that stands alone to communicate meaning. Structurally, a word is not the smallest unit because many words can be separated into even smaller meaningful units. Look at the following items:,6,Lecture 3 Morphological Structure of English Words,yes yes unhappiness un-happi-ness horses horse-s talking talk-ing,7,Lecture 3,Yes has no internal grammatical structure. We could analyze its constituent sounds, j 、 e 、 s , but none of these has a meaning in isolation. So the three sounds are called phonemes rather than morphemes. By contrast, horse, talk and happy plainly have a meaning, as do the elements attached to them: un-carries a negative meaning;,8,Lecture 3,-ness expresses a state or quality; -s expresses plural; and ing helps to convey a sense of duration. These minimal meaningful units are known as morphemes. In other words, the morpheme is the smallest functioning unit in the composition of words (crystal 1985),9,Morphological Structure of English Words, The morpheme is the smallest meaningful linguistic unit of language, not divisible or analyzable into smaller forms. What is usually considered a single word in English may be composed of one or more morphemes: One morpheme-nation Two morphemes-nation-al Three morphemes-nation-al-ize Four morphemes-de-nation-al-ize（使非国有化） More than four morphemes-de-nation-al-iz-ation,10,2. Allomorph (形位变体，词/语素变体）,Sometimes a morpheme may have two or more different morphological forms or phonetic forms, depending on the context in which it occurs. For example, the prefix sub can be realized as sub as in subway, sup as in support and suppress, suc as in succeed, and sus as in sustain. That is, when sub occurs before a root beginning with the sound /p/ it is realized as sup and when it is added a root with a beginning sound /k/ and a beginning letter c it is realized as suc. These different morphological or phonetic forms of a morpheme are allomorphs of the morpheme.,11,Other examples: im- before p,b, or m, imperfect, imbalance, immobile; ir- before r, irresponsible, irregular; il- before l, illegal, illogical; in- before all other consonants and vowels, inflexible, inexcusable; im-,ir-, and il- are thus allomorphs of the morpheme, in-. Allomorph also takes place in suffixes:,12,ion/-tion/-sion/-ation are the positional variants of the same suffix. Verbs ending with the sound /t/ usually take ion (as in invent, invention); verds ending with consonants other than /t/ take tion (as in describe, description); verbs ending in ify and ize, take ation (as in justify, justification; modernize, modernization); verbs ending in d, -de, or mit, take sion (as in expansion, decision, omission); there are exceptions: attend, attention; convert, conversion, etc.,13,Definition of Allmorph,“An allomorph is any of the variant forms of a morpheme as conditioned by position or adjoining sounds” (Websters New World Dictionary of the American Language).,14,Lecture 3,Morphological Structure of English Words 3. Types of Morphemes There are different ways of classifying morphemes. The popular method is to group them into free morphemes and bound morphemes.,15,Morphological Structure of English Words, Free morphemes: (those that are meaningful and can be used freely and independently such as earth, wind, boy, bite, etc.) Free morphemes fall into two categories: The first category is that set of ordinary nouns, adjectives and verbs which we think of as the words which carry the “content” of messages we convey. These free morphemes are called lexical morphemes and some examples are: boy, man, house, sad, long, yellow, open, look, etc.,16,Lecture 3 Morphological Structure of English Words,The other group of free are called functional morphemes. Examples are: and, but, when, because, on, in, the, that, it. This set consists largely 0f the functional words in the language such as conjunctions, prepositions, articles and pronouns.,17,Lecture 3 Morphological Structure of English Words, Bound Morphemes (粘附词素) Morphemes which can mot occur (stand alone) as separate words are bound morphemes. They are so named because they are bound to other morphemes to form words. All the affixes in English are bound morphemes. Lets take recollection, idealistic and ex-prisoner for example.,18,Lecture 3 Morphological Structure o