English Grammar,The Nouns,Classification Features Usage Agreement between S. and V. Practice,词义,可数性,classification of nouns,based upon meanings based upon countability,based on meanings,proper noun common noun individual noun collective noun material noun abstract noun,专有名词,普通名词,个体名词,集合名词,物质名词,抽象名词,based on countability,countable noun uncountable noun,可数名词,不可数名词,glass a glass; iron an iron; paper a paper; youth a youth; necessity a necessity; beauty a beauty; democracy a democracy bread; news; paper; chalk,a poem poetry a machine machinery a garment clothing a job work a laugh laughter a permit permission,features,性 (gender) 数 (number) 格 (case),gender,阳性-masculine 阴性feminine 中性neuter,boyfriend; girlfriend; woman doctor; man writer; he-goat; she-wolf; male elephant; female monkey;,number,单数singular number 单数形式singular form 复数plural number 复数形式plural form,plural form,regular irregular compound nouns,1 books; pens; desks 2 classes; boxes; inches bushes; stomach 3 family, factory, city, country,4 leaf, life, shelf, wife, thief, half, knife, wolf, loaf, self roof, cliff, proof, chief, gulf, belief, serf, brief, safe, grief scarf, handkerchief, hoof, dwarf, wharf,5 heroes, Negroes, potatoes, tomatoes, echoes, vetoes, dominoes, torpedoes bamboos; radios; studios; cuckoos; folios; zoos embryos; kangaroos; photos, solos, pianos, kilos, memos, tobaccos, Eskimos, Filipinos, hippos,banjo, cargo, motto, halo, volcano, buffalo, archipelago, manifesto, tornado,1 man, woman, foot, tooth, goose, mouse 2 child, ox 3 fish, sheep, deer, Chinese, means, series, species, swine, aircraft, corps,irregular,1 changing vowels 2 adding suffix 3 in the same form (1-3) 4 plural form of letter, number, symbol five 3s / 3s; two buts/buts; all the +s,abbreviations,usu. add -s or s except special ones: eg: VIPs / VIPs; MPs / MPs yrs.; hrs; motels; demos; No.Nos.; P.P.P.; Mr. Messrs.,custom； customs； force； forces； good； goods； ground； grounds； iron； irons； letter； letters； sand； sands ； work； works；,case,普通格 - common case 所有格 - possessive case 主格 - nominative case 宾格 - objective case,compound nouns,with principal body without principal body with man, woman 以-s结尾加/s,最后名词后加-s,每个名词后均加-s,applications of possessive case, applied to : nouns with vitality nouns without vitality ellipsis in possessive case double possessive case, direct object,We love our great motherland., indirect object,Who sent Mr. Smith this letter?, prepositional object,The letter is for his mother.,object complement,subject complement,They call me Xiao Wang.,He is called Uncle Li,nouns with vitality,my mothers glasses mans knowledge camels legs,nouns about: industry, material, machinery, factory, college and university, etc. nouns about: country, planet, city, oceans, rivers, etc nouns about: time, distance, price, weights and measures, etc., industrys problems; machines power; Cambridges students;, Chinas capital; earths surface; the citys museum; the Yellow Rivers length;, five minutes walk; todays newspaper; ten miles drive; a kilos weight; ten dollars price;, leave out nouns mentioned before,-Whose book is it? -Its Toms. My bike is newer than Toms., leave out nouns for house, shops, buildings, etc.,Im going to my sisters tomorrow. Hes gone to the barbers. St. Pauls (Cathedral),double possessive case,a friend of my husbands the nice daughter of his sisters that little brother of Johns those wonderful performances of the childrens,1 subject,2 predicative,3 object,4 attribute,5 adverbial,6 complement,7 appositive,8 vocative,Usage,3 principles:, of grammatical concord, of notional concord, of attraction,rules for sing. along with in company with; as well as like/unlike; but/except rather than; as much as no less than; more than besides; including in addition to; not;,1 each/either/neither/复合不定代词做主语 Is there anything in the box? Neither is good. 2 整体看待的数目,时间,价值,重量等复数n.做主语 Only ten minutes was given to the students to prepare the quiz. Thirty years has passed since they parted.,3 不可数名词,动名词,不定式,从句做主语 There is still plenty of time. To see is to believe. Seeing is believing. Making friends needs mutual understanding. What he said is right.,4 “单数名词+ and +单数名词”结构表示一种概念或事物 Bread and butter is a daily food in the west. A cart and horse was seen in the distance. The poet and writer has already come. The hammer and sickle was flying over the roof. Time and tide waits for no man.,5 each/every 修饰名词做主语 “each/every +单数可数名词and +each/every+单数可数名词” Each boy and girl has the right to go to school. Every second and every minute is important. Every man, woman and child is an important being.,6 “more than one +单数可数名词” “many a +单数可数名词” “more +复数名词+than one” “many +复数名词” More than one suggestion was raised at the meeting. Many a student likes popular songs. More suggestions than one were raised Many students like popular songs.,1. n. + and + n. as S. bothand as S. The French and