1,Lecture 32,Subordination ( II ) ( p.p. 361378 ),2,32.1 Infinitive clauses Types of infinitive clauses 1) 不带逻辑主语的不定式分句 S1: I hope to be able to come. S3: All she seems to do is (to) gossip with her neighbours. S8: To be frank, I dont think much of it. you need a great deal of courage. 2) 带逻辑主语的不定式分句 （1) 用 for 引出逻辑主语 S1: The best thing would be for you to tell everybody. S2: He opened the door for the children to come in. S4: Its important for there to be a fire-escape. （2) 用 of 引出逻辑主语 Its kind of you to say so. Its foolish of them to behave like this.,3,（3) 有时由 with, rather than 等引导。 S1: He knew that with him to help, she could and would succeed. S3: Rather than you do the job, Id prefer to finish it myself. 3） 带有疑问词的不定式分句 S1: I dont know what to do. Where to hold the meeting has not been decided yet. What worries me most is how to fulfil the task in two days. Syntactic functions of infinitive clauses 1) 作主语和主语补语 2）作宾语和宾语补语 3) 作状语，表示目的、结果、原因,4,Do Ex. 32 A: 2，8； 11，19，13，14； 1， 3，4， 6，7，10，8，20 17； 5，9，12，15，16 Key to Ex. 32 A: 1. We went via Worcester so as to miss the traffic jam. 2. I havent decided whether to answer his letter or not. 3. He opened his mouth wide as if to speak. 4. His work was so good as to make him internationally famous. 5. The man to consult is Wilson. 6. To hear him talk, you would think he was a celebrity. 7. She stood up to be seen better. 8. As we talked of where to meet, I noticed something unusual in his tone. 9. He was the first man to discuss the question with Professor Haliday. 10. My brother got up early in order to have enough time to pack. 11. Whether he had changed his mind about what to day I did not know. 12. Is he really a man to be trusted? 13. We consider the girl to be trustworthy.,5,14. We ask very citizen to watch closely any developments in this matter. 15. The place (for you) to stay is the Hilton. 16. David was miserable unless he had neighbours with whom to quarrel/ neighbours to quarrel with. 17. Betty works too slowly to be much use to us. 18. Ill buy you some magazines to read on the journey. 19. We thought it wrong to punish him/ for him to be punished. 20. For a vote to be valid, the deputy must be present and vote in person.,6,Do Ex. 32 B: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 13, 14; 11, 12, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20 Key to Ex. 32 B: too old to speak or hear. 2. too fat (for me) to wear 3. too excited to think. 4. too difficult (for me) to explain. 5. too personal for Cyril to answer. 6. too sour (for me) to eat. 7. too empty-headed to earn a single thing. 8. too dirty for them to see through. 9. too badly broken to be mended. 10. too deep for them to wade across. 11. clear enough for you to see 12. strong enough to hold 13. too strong for him to swim against. 14. too fat to tie up his own shoes. 15. not good enough for me to marry. 16. thirsty enough to drink a well dry. 17. You dont eat enough to keep 18. not enough beer for you all to have a drink. 19. enough food left over to feed a dozen more people. 20. I havent got enough wool to make,7,Do Ex. 32 C: Key to Ex. C: 1. so that it should/ might look 2. so that there should be 3. so as not to get 4. so as not to leave 5. so that the room should look 6. so as to avoid 7. so as to have 8. so that we should not have 9. so as not have 10. So that I should not be 11. so that it should not get 12. so that it should be 13. so as not to get 14. so as to cover 15. so that my arms should not get 16. so as not to get 17. so that the brush should not get 18. so that it may/can be used 19. so that it shall not get 20. so as to use b) 1. so kind as to invite 2. so (that) I was 3. so happy that I danced 4. to get 5. so unfortunate as not to have 6. for the snow to be 7. so thick as to cover 8. cold enough to freeze 9. so (that) I had 10. so kind as to send 11. for it to arrive 12. too excited to untie 13. so (that) I cut 14. for me to wear,8,32.2 ing participle clause Types of -ing participle clauses 1) 不带逻辑主语的 ing 分句 S2: He denied having been there. S1: One of my bad habits is biting nails. S4: I heard him singing in the next room. S7; Generally speaking, this book is not very difficult. 2) 带从属连词的 ing 分句 S1: When sleeping, I never hear a thing. S4: Though understanding no Greek, Charles was able to communicate with them. 3) 带逻辑主语的 ing 分句 (1）名词性 ing 分句 S1: Do you mind my/ me making a suggestion? S3: Its no use your / Xiao Lis pretending to be deaf.,9,(2）副词性 ing 分句 S1: The last bus having gone, we had to walk home. S2: The report having been read, a lively discussion began. ing 分句的句法功能 a）作主语、宾语、主语补语和宾语补语 b) 作状语，表示原因 、条件、让步、结果和伴随情况,10,Do Ex. 32 D: 1, (2, 9); (3), 4, (5, 6, 7, 8); 19, (20); (10), 11; 12,(13); 14, (15, 16, 17, 18) Key to Ex. 32 D: Play