,Practice of International Trade Chapter 1,You Are Who You Are,Performance 30%,Attendance 15%,Exercises what is “Japanese” product.,1.3 Benefits of International Trade,(2) Goods or services of greater variety A chance to obtain a wider variety of products Living standards of the people is improved,Goods or services at a lower price Comparative advantages The same quality at lower prices Trade is beneficial to all the participants Competition makes prices even lower,一个牛肉与土豆的例子。如果世界上只有两个人：养牛的人和种土豆的人。如果两个人“老死不相往来”，那么，在吃了几个月烤牛肉、煮牛肉、炸牛肉和烧牛肉之后，养牛人肯定觉得自己并不怎么惬意；同样，一直吃土豆泥、炸土豆、烤土豆和用贝壳烘土豆的农民肯定也有同感。如果牛肉和土豆之间展开贸易，这时每个人就都可以有汉堡包和炸薯条了。,贸易可以让生活变得更美好,1.3 Benefits of International Trade,（3）Promotion of economic growth Market is expanded,Development of economies of scale,Economies of scale are the financial advantages that a company gains when it produces large quantities of products. 规模经济 规模经济，是指由于生产专业化水平的提高等原因，使企业的单位成本下降，从而形成企业的长期平均成本随着产量的增加而递减的经济。 即扩大经营规模可以降低平均成本，从而提高利润水平。,1.3 Benefits of International Trade,Creating jobs Enhancing domestic competitiveness Diversifying/reducing dependence on existing markets Extending the life cycle of existing products Stabilizing seasonal market fluctuations Selling excess capacity Gaining information about foreign competition,1.4 Barriers to International Trade,To make up for a deficit on the balance of payment. To guarantee national security. To protect their national industries.,1.4.1 Reasons for trade restrictions,1.4 Barriers to International Trade,1.4 Barriers to International Trade,魅族3， 美国亚马逊 价格593刀，注意。这是黑色星期五打折后逗我价格。3600对比国内的2300可谓天上地下,由星巴克价格门引出的国内外多种商品间的价格比拼,1.4 Barriers to International Trade,A. Tariffs 关税壁垒,1.4.2 Methods of restrictions,A tariff is a duty or fee levied on goods being imported into a country.,1.4 Barriers to International Trade,a. Types of tariffs,According to the time of collection import duty export duty,According to the methods in which tariffs are collected specific duty 从量税 ad valorem duty 从价税 mixed or compound duty 混合关税,All the duties are not independent of each other, i.e. a duty can be an import, a protective, and a compound duty at the same time.,A. Tariffs 关税壁垒,According to the purpose of collection revenue tariff protection tariff,1.4 Barriers to International Trade,B. Non-tariffs Barriers （NTBs）非关税壁垒,1.4.2 Methods of restrictions,NTBs as defined by the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) allow an importing country to introduce measures which are necessary to protect human, animal or plant life or health.,1.4 Barriers to International Trade,a. Quota 配额制 (the most important),This is a quantitative restriction or upper limit in terms of physical quantity or value.,B. Non-tariffs Barriers （NTBs）非关税壁垒,b. Voluntary Export Restrains (VERs) 自动出口限制,Voluntary export restrains enable one country to force onto another country through bilateral agreement a low rate of increase in export volume.,“自动出口限制”在形式上表现为自愿性，但在实质上却具有强制的性质：进口国往往以商品大量进口使其有关工业受到严重损害，造成“市场混乱”为理由，要求出口国实行有秩序的增长，自动限制商品出口。因此，“自动出口限制”往往是出口国在面临进口国采取报复性贸易措施的威胁时所作出的一种选择。,1.4 Barriers to International Trade,c. Anti-dumping 反倾销,Anti-dumping is a kind of trade remedies; the premise of such practice is that the country must show that its domestic industry has suffered “material” injury by dumped or subsidized imports. 倾销，是指一国（地区）的生产商或出口商以低于其国内市场价格或低于成本价格将其商品抛售到另一国（地区）市场的行为。,B. Non-tariffs Barriers （NTBs）非关税壁垒,d. Export Subsidies 出口补贴,Export subsidies are direct payments or the granting of tax relief and subsidized loans to the nations exporters or potential exporter or low-interest loans to foreign buyers so as to stimulate the nations exports. 一国政府为了降低出口商品的价格，增加其在国际市场的竞争力，在出口某商品时给予出口商的现金补贴或财政上的优惠待遇 。,1.4 Barriers to International Trade,e. Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT)技术壁垒,TBT refers to unjustified technical regulations and standards applied to imported products as well as complicated certification and conformity assessment procedure.,B. Non-tariffs Barriers （NTBs）非关税壁垒,f. International Cartels 国际卡特尔,列宁指出：“资本主义早已造成了世界市场。所以随着资本输出的增加，随着最大垄断同盟的国外联系和殖民地联系以及势力范围的扩张，自然就使得这些垄断同盟之间达成全世界的协定，形成国际卡特尔”（列宁选集第2卷，第788页）。,Trade barriers tariffs non-tariffs Socio-cultural barriers Language Religion Customs and manners Economic barriers exchange rate extra cost,To think globally, but to act locally,1.4 Barriers to International Trade,中国人砍价,1.6 Organizations/ Laws and Regulations in International Trade,A. GATT VS WTO,1.6.1 International Organizations,世界贸易组织是根据乌拉圭回合多边贸易谈判达成的建立世界贸易组织协议（Agreement Establishing the World Trade Organization) 于1995年1月1日建立的，取代1947年的关说与贸易总协定。,GATT: General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade 关税及贸易总协定 1947年10月30日在日内瓦签订,WTO,The World Trade Organization (WTO) is the only international organization dealing with the global rules of trade between nations. Its main function is to ensure that trade flows as smoothly, predictably and freely as possible. The organization officially commenced on January 1, 1995 , replacing the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), which com