6.3 what is cognitive linguistics?,3. Cognitive Linguistics,Cognition is the way we think. Cognitive linguistics is the scientific study of the relation between the way we communicate and the way we think. It is an approach to language that is based on our experience of the world and the way we perceive and conceptualize it.,3.1 Construal and construal operations 识解与识解操作,Construal: the ability to conceive and portray the same situation in different ways,识解操作方式 1. Attention / salience注意 The caste structure of India,Path schema路径图示,Involves physical or metaphorical movement from place to place, and consists of a starting point, a goal, and a series of intermediate points.,Examples: Physical: Paths; Trajectories Metaphorical: The purpose-as-physical-goal metaphor, as expressed in the following sentences: Tom has gone a long way toward changing his personality. You have reached the midpoint of your flight training. Shes just starting out to make her fortune. Jane was sidetracked in her search for self-understanding.,Scale schema范围图示,Involves an increase or decrease of physical or metaphorical amount, and consists of any of the following: A closed- or open-ended progression of amount A position in the progression of amount One or more norms of amount A calibration刻度，标度 of amount,Examples: Physical amounts Properties in the number system Economic entities such as supply and demand,Verticality schema上下图示,Involves “up” and “down” relations. Examples: Standing upright Climbing stairs Viewing a flagpole Watching water rise in a tub,A,B,