江西省龙南中学高三英语阅读训练(精选06各省市模拟题C、D、E三篇)一American Thomas Schelling and Israeli-American Robert Aumann will share the 2005 Nobel Prize in economics. Both men have greatly influenced the way conflict and business negotiations are carried out.The two men are being honored for their work in developing an economic idea. It is called game theory.Game theory began as the study of decision-making in competitive situations, like games. John von Neumann and Oskar Morgenstern linked the theory of games with economic activities more than sixty years ago.In the nineteen fifties, John Nash developed an idea known as the Nash equilibrium (平衡). The Nash equilibrium is the point where all sides in a competitive situation believe they have been given the best offer they will ever get. He proved this with mathematical methods.Mr. Nash won the Nobel Prize in economics with two other men in 1994.Mr. Schelling used the ideas of game theory to study real-life problems, such as the arms competition between the United States and the Soviet Union forty years ago. He was interested in what influenced negotiating groups. He showed how one side might decide to harm its interests for a short period of time to make gains over a longer period. Mr. Schelling also used game theory to show how people become divided by race. He found that divided societies can result even among persons mostly willing to live near people of another race.Mr. Aumann developed game theory mathematically so that it can be useful for different areas of study. He showed that peaceful cooperation can provide good results for all competitors in a game over a long period. This is true even among competitors with a temporary conflict of interest. Mr. Aumann also considered how reasonable decisions are made among groups. He showed that knowing what competitors know is important to decision-making.The work of both men has influenced areas of study other than economics. International negotiators, military planners, business leaders and biologists use methods developed by Mr. Schelling and Mr. Aumann.Mr. Schelling, an American, is a retired professor of the University of Maryland. Mr. Aumann is a citizen of both the United States and Israel. He is a retired professor of the Hebrew University of Jerusalem.1. Mr. Schelling and Mr. Aumann share the 2005 Nobel Prize in economics for .A. developing “game theory” B. developing the Nash equilibriumC. proving “game theory” D. beginning the study of “game theory”2. The underlined phrase “make gains” in the sixth paragraph probably refers to .A. suffer loss B. improve health C. make money D. make a profit3. According to Mr. Aumann, when we want to reach a reasonable decision among groups, we .A. dont have to be informed what our competitors thinkB. must have a good understanding of what our competitors knowC. need only think about how we can make the most of our own interestsD. neednt peacefully cooperate with our competitors to make a profit4. We can infer from the text that .A. Mr. Aumann used “game theory” to study the arms competition between the US and the Soviet Union.B. Mr. Schelling and Mr. Aumann only explained the game theory mathematicallyC. most of the people are willing to live near their own competitors according to Mr. SchellingD. the game theory developed by both men is very valuable to more than economics二Like many of my generation, I have a weakness for hero worship. At some point, however, we all begin to question our heroes and our need for them. This leads us to ask: What is a hero? Despite immense differences in cultures, heroes around the world generally share a number of characteristics that instruct and inspire people.A hero does something worth talking about. A hero has a story of adventure to tell and a community who will listen. But a hero goes beyond mere fame.Heroes serve powers or principles larger than themselves. Like high voltage transformers, heroes take the energy of higher powers and step it down so that it can be used by ordinary people.The hero lives a life worthy of imitation. Those who imitate a genuine hero experience life with new depth, enthusiasm, and meaning. A sure test for what would be heroes is what or whom do they serve? What are they willing to live and die for? If the answer or evidence suggests they serve only their own fame, they may be famous persons but not heroes. Madonna and Michael Jackson are famous, but who would claim that their fans find life richer?Heroes are catalysts(催化剂) for change. They have a vision from the mountain top. They have the skill and the charm to move the masses. They create new possibilities. Without Gandhi, India might still be part of the British Empire. Without Rosa Parks and Martin Luther King, Jr., we might still have segregated (隔离的) buses, restaurants, and parks. It may be possible for large scale change to occur wi