Unit 4,Grammar,The Attributive Clause,The man _ is Liuxiang.,who ran the fastest,Liuxiang is the man _.,who ran the fastest,刘翔,The man is Liuxiang. Liuxiang ran the fastest.,a boy， has a scar， forehead,Harry Porter is a boy _ _.,who/that has a scar on his forehead,The boy is Harry Porter. Harry Porter has a scar on his forehead.,Beckham is a football player. He is handsome.,Beckham is a football player, _.,who is handsome,Beckham, _ is handsome,Who is a football player,Changzhou is a city _ _.,Changzhou,a city,develop fast,which /that develops fast,The city _ _ is Beijing. Beijing is the city _ _,whichthat hosted the 2008 Olympic Games,The city host(举办) 2oo8 Olympic Games Beijing,whichthat hosted the 2008 Olympic Games,在复合句中，修饰某一名词或者代词用作定语的句子就叫做定语从句。被定语从句修饰的词，叫先行词。引导定语从句的词叫做 _ 或 _。 引导定语从句的关联词有：,定语从句,关系代词：who, whom whose, which, that,关系副词：when, where,why,“关系代词”,“关系副词”,定语从句的位置,定语从句一定放在被修饰的成分之后。,e.g. This is the car which he bought last year.,先行词,定语从句,Do you know the doctor? He spoke just now.,Do you know the doctor who spoke just now?,现在我们将常用的关系代词的指代功能和在句子中的句法功能总结如下：, 关系代词和关系副词有三大作用，即连接（连接定语从句和主句）、替代（替代前面的 先行词）、成分（在定语从句中要充当一定的句子成分）。,在从句 中的作用,指代 功能,He is the student _ you want to see. 关系代词 that, which, whom 在从句中作 宾语时可省略掉。但放在介词后面时则 不可省略，有介词的时候不用that。,(whom, who, that),定语从句三步： 第一找出先行词 第二看先行词在定语从句中的 语法功能（做主语、宾语或定语） 第三选择合适的关系词,关系代词:,1. who指人,作主语或宾语 (作宾语可省略）,The man who I talked with is our teacher.,和我谈话的那个人，是我们的老师。,2. whom指人,作宾语 (作宾语可省略, 如介词提前则不能省),The man (whom/who) I nodded to is Mr. Li.,我对他点头的那个男人是李先生。,当先行词是 one, ones, anybody, anyone, all, none, those 等, 指人时一般用 who,不用 that。 e.g. Those who want to go to the cinema will have to wait at the gate of the school.,3. which 指物，作主语或宾语 (作宾语可省略, 如介词提前则不能省),These are the trees which were planted last year.,This recorder （which） he is using is made in Japan.,这些是去年种植的树。,这个他正在使用的录音机是日本产的。,4. that 指人/物，作主语或宾语 (作宾语可省略）,A plane is a machine. It can fly.,A plane is a machine that can fly.,He is the man. I told you about him.,He is the man (that/who/whom) I told you about.,5.whose 在定从中作定语，表所属关系，翻译为“他的/她的/它的”，用来代替 his，her，their，its. whose指人也指物， 指物时 = of which 指人时 = of whom,This is the book cover is blue. This is the book the cover is blue.,这是一本蓝色封面的书。,whose,of which,1. who指_,作_（成分）,2. whom指_,作_（成分）,3. which 指_，作_（成分）,4. that 指_，作_（成分）,5.whose作_(成分)，表_关系，译为_，用来代替 _ . whose指人也指物， 指物时 = _ 指人时 = _,人,主、宾,人,宾,主、宾,主、宾,物,人、物,定语,所属,“他的/她的/它的”，,His/her/their/its,of which,of whom,如何选择关系代词? who ,whom, whose, which, that 口诀: 前看先行词, 辩清人或物 后看从句里, 有无主宾语,This is the film which I saw last night.,This is the film whose name is Titanic .,The man and the woman whom you see in the picture are Jack and Lucy .,Here are two pictures that are taken from the film .,Jack and Lucy are the hero and the heroine who loved each other very much in the film .,the Attributive Clause,who指hero和heroine，作主语,whom指man和woman，作宾语,whose指电影的，作定语,that指图片，作主语,which指电影，作宾语,用适当的关系代词填空： This is the house _ was built last year The boy _ we saw yesterday was Johns brother. The car _ my uncle had just bought was destroyed in the earthquake. 4. That is the man _ we were looking for.,which/that,(whom/ that/who),(which/that),(whom/ that ),考点：that和which的选择,(1) that指物时一般可以与which互换，但在下列情况引导词只用that，不用which。,当先行词为all, much, little, few, none, something, anything, everything, nothing等不定代词时，如： a. All that can be done has been done. b. I am sure she has something (that) you can borrow. c. There is little (that) the enemy can do besides surrender., 先行词被all, every, no, some, any, little, much修饰时：,Ive read all the books (that) you gave me.,考点：that和which的选择,先行词是序数词或形容词最高级修饰时。,This is the best book (that) Ive ever read.,This is the first composition (that) he has written in English.,先行词被the only, the very, the last 修饰时。,That white flower is the only one (that) I really like. This is the very book (that) I want to find., 当有两个或两个以上分别表示人和物的先行词时，这个定语从句要用that而不用who (whom)和which引导。如：,He talked about the teachers and schools （that） he had visited.,这是我看过的最好的一本书。,这是他用英文写的第一篇作文。,先行词是疑问词who, which, what 时，定语从句用that而不用who, (whom)和which引导。,考点：that和which的选择,Who is the person that is standing at the gate? Which of us that knows something about physics does not know this? What that is on the table belongs to me?, 当关系代词在从句中作表语时：,Mary is no longer the girl (that) she used to be. China is no longer the country that it used to be.,考点：as与which引导的定语从句,对这两个词作如下归纳：,1、如果定语放主句后，即引用as也可以用which. He failed to the exam, as (=which) is natural. She seems a scientist, as (=which) in fact she is. Grammar is not a dead rule, which (=as) I have said before.,2、如果从句在主句前，这时