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1,调查表设计 Questionnaire Design,2,学习目的Objectives,通过本课程的学习,应掌握(To understand) 为什么使用调查表/调查表的目的(Why we use questionnaires) 调查表的优缺点 The advantages and disadvantages of questionnaires 不同类型的问题以及其使用情境(不同情况下选择不同问题) The different types of questions that can be used and the circumstances in which they would be used 设计调查表的方式,以及怎样避免一些常见问题和缺陷 The way in which questionnaires can be designed and how to avoid some common problems and pitfalls,3,收集信息的途径(方式) Ways to Gather Information,文献研究(搜索): 搜索条件(标准) Literature search: Search Criteria 档案查询(回顾): 信息摘要表格 Review of records: Abstraction Form 小组访谈: 访谈提纲(Focus group: Interview Guide) 观察: 观察资料记录(Observation: Observation Log) 直接测量: 记录(Direct measurement: Record) 访谈: 调查表(问卷) (Interview: questionnaire),4,什么是调查表? What is a questionnaire?,收集问题答案的工具(形式) An instrument (form) to collect answers to questions 收集实际数据(资料) 收集信息或测量值 Collects factual data gathers information or measures 一系列按照固定的、合理顺序排列的书面问题/项目 A series of written questions / items in a fixed, rational order 每项都需回答 (除非特别说明不需者) Every item is answered (unless instructed otherwise) 谁完成它 (Who completes it)? 应答者 公众/专业人员 (The respondent public/professional) 可以代表应答者的人 (Someone on behalf of the respondent) 调查者 (The interviewer),5,好调查表的标准What makes an effective questionnaire?,一份好的调查表应该是一系列问题经 合理组织而成的工具,借此可以 简单地用 相同方法收集 许多人 相同类型的信息,以便于可 定量、系统地分析资料 An effective questionnaire is highly structured to allow the same types of information to be simply collected from a large number of people in the same way so that the data can be analysed quantitatively and systematically,6,调查表在流行病学中的角色Role of Questionnaires in Epidemiology,暴发调查/分析研究 (Outbreak investigation/Analytic study) 监测(Surveillance) 评价/ 评估(Evaluation),7,调查资料收集方式Survey data collection methods,自我管理 (纸、笔) Self-administered(paper what do we need to know in order to ask the most relevant and probing questions?) 人口学信息(Demographic information) 相关信息 (Contact information),46,调查问题的格式Format of Questions,两种主要的提问形式(Two main question formats) 封闭式给出固定的答案 Closed format give a fixed response 答案分类是已知的(Response categories are known) 答案不需要细节(Response do not require elaboration) 答案必需清楚,简单,明确,中立(不重叠) Categories need to be clear,Simple,unambiguous,neutral,47,开放式 允许人用自己的语言来表达自己观点 Open format allow people to express their views in their own words: 答案分类未知(Response categories are unknown) 答案需要细节(Response require elaboration) 你最痛苦、烦恼的症状是什么?请描叙 (What is your most distressing symptom? Please describe: )_,48,不同格式问题的意义Implications of items type,封闭式(Close-ended items are) 更可靠(More reliable) 对于逐步展开更具有挑战性(More challenging to develop) 易被任何资料收集方法所采用 Easy used with any data collection method 开放式依赖于(Open-ended items rely on) 应答者动机 (Motivation of respondent) 调查者技巧 Skill of interviewer(if present) 资料收集方法 Data collection method(work best in interviews) 需充足的时间 (Having enough time),49,测量水平Levels of measurement,名词性(无序分类):互相排斥的分类来区别(是/否,男/女) Nominal: distinguish between mutually exclusive categories (yes/no,male/female) 有序分类:按分类顺序排序 (如社会经济地位) Ordinal: rank order among categories(e.g.SES) 间距:各分类间间距相等排序(如Farenheit scale) Interval: rank order with equal spacing between categories(e.g. Farenheit scale) 比:以真零点分类排序(如:摄氏温度,年龄) Ratio: rank ordering with a true zero(e.g. Celsius scale,age),50,措词的一般性考虑General considerations in item wording,易于理解和回答 (Easy to administer & answer) 语句结构简单 (Simple sentence structure) 避免“双重问题” (Avoid “double-barreled” questions) 避免“否定式”提问 (Avoid asking about “negatives”) 避免行话定义术语 (Avoid jargon-define terms) 适当的阅读水平(一般人8级) Appropriate reading level(8th grade for genl pop) 能回忆起来的实际时间(Realistic time frames for recall),51,你服用过毒品吗? Have you ever used drugs?,52,避免:太一般化What Avoid: Being too general,太一般化:你服用过毒品吗? Too general:Have you ever used drugs? 更好的提问方式(A better choice) : 你曾服用过下列任何一种吗? Have you ever used any of the following: 酒精 (Alcohol) 大麻 (Marijuana) 甲安菲他明等 Methamphatamine(speed,crystal meth )etc,53,大多数人应该更多的锻炼身体、吃更多的水果与蔬菜? Most people should exercise more often than normally do and eat more fruits & vegetables?,54,避免:双重问题1What Avoid: Double barreled question-1,双重问题(Double barreled): 大多数人应该比目前更多的锻炼身体、吃更多的水果与蔬菜 Most people should exercise more often than normally do and eat more fruits & vegetables. 极不一致-强烈一致 Strongly disagree-strongly agree,55,避免:双重问题2What Avoid: Double barreled question-2,更好选择(Better alternative): 大多数人应该更多的锻炼身体 Most people should exercise more often than normally do now. Strongly disagree-strongly agree 大多数人应该吃更多的水果与蔬菜 Most people should eat more fruits & vegetables than normally do now.,56,感染HIV的医生和护士应该不能照料病人? 是 否 Doctors & nurses with HIV should not be able to care for patients? yes no,57,避免:否定措词What Avoid: “Negative wording”,否定措词:感染HIV的医生和护士应该不能照料病人 是 否 Negative wording: Doctors & nurses with HIV shoul
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