1,Agenda,Amphenol RF Overview Global Presence Manufacturing Capabilities Market Segments Connector Anatomy Cable Anatomy Understanding RF Amphenol RF Design Capabilities Connector Selection,Transmission Lines Impedance Frequency Range Return Loss/VSWR Insertion Loss Passive Intermodulation Distortion Power Handling-Voltage Isolation-Crosstalk RF Leakage Cable Assembly,2,Amphenols Global Presence,52 Manufacturing and Assembly Operations on 5 continents Sales, marketing and distribution organizations in 55 countries ISO 9000, ISO 14,000, QS 9000, QPL Certifications,ARFA SZ ARFA TW Amphenol Fuyang,3,Amphenol RF - Leader In RF Technology,RF system solution provider covering the entire RF Footprint Only global interconnect company with focused and dedicated RF competencies Extensive RF engineering resources Industry leader defining standards IEEE FAKRA USCAR IEC Unparalleled design and testing capabilities,Type N,FAKRA III,4,Global Manufacturing Locations,Tainan, Taiwan (95),Nogales, Mexico (150),Danbury, CT (150),Shenzhen, China (700),5,Manufacturing CapabilitiesDanbury,Single-spindle, Multi-axis Machining Centers,Automatic Bar Feeders,Low and Medium Volume Lean and Flexible Manufacturing,6,Manufacturing CapabilityMexico,Manual Assembly Line,Automatic Assembly Medium e = eoer; mo = 4px10-7 H/m; eo = 8.854 pF/m,36,# 2. Impedance,Characteristic Impedance is determined by the geometry and dielectric constant of the transmission line,37,# 2. Impedance,Impedance: The impedance of the connector generally must match that of the transmission line Non-Constant50, 75 ohm50 ohm75 ohm BNC Twinaxial BNC 7/16 1.6/5.6 UHF SMB C, SC, HN Type F Twinaxial MCX Mini-UHF Type G 1.0/2.3 MMCX TNC SMA N,Outer DiameterInner DiameterDielectric ConstantImpedance .063 .020 2.0 50 Ohms .063 .012 2.0 75 Ohms .276 .120 1.0 50 Ohms,38,# 3. Frequency Range,Frequency is the number of electromagnetic waves that pass a given point in 1 second Hertz is the unit of frequency measurement Generally, the RF performance of a connector degrades as the frequency is increased Wavelength decreases, therefore smaller disruptions cause more problems,Specifying the frequency will make it easier for the design engineer to optimize the performance Whenever possible, dont specify a high frequency connector when a low frequency connector will work do the job,39,# 3. Frequency Range,If a frequency range is not specified, then the connector will be designed to catalog specs and this could cause the design process to take a lot longer For example-A customer needs a new SMA to operate up to 12 Ghz. The catalog specifies 18 Ghz for some SMA connectors. If the connector is optimized for 18 Ghz, it will likely take a lot longer than necessary to design Give as much information about the application of the connector to the design engineer as possible Is it used in a high power, narrow frequency band amplifier? Is it used in a band pass filter?,40,Some Typical Frequencies: House current 50/60 Hz AM Radio 500 - 1500 kHz Shortwave Radio 10 MHz TV (channels 2-13) 60 - 250 MHz Cellular Phone 824 - 894 MHz Digital (PCS) Phone 1850 - 1990 MHz Radar 6 - 26 GHz Direct Broadcast Satellite (DBS) 12 GHz,# 3. Frequency Range,41,Frequency Chart (GHz),42,# 4. Return Loss/VSWR,A measure of how much power is reflected Return Loss: The portion of a signal that is lost due to a reflection of power at a line discontinuity. Return Loss is similar to VSWR and is generally preferred in the CATV industry to a VSWR specification VSWR: Acronym for Voltage Standing Wave Ratio. VSWR is the ratio of voltage applied to voltage reflected. It is the major factor contributing to the total signal efficiency of the connector. Best performance is achieved when the impedance of the cable and the connector are the same (matched),43,# 4. Return Loss/VSWR,Reflections are created by deviations from the characteristic impedance caused by: Variations in machining tolerances Variations in the dielectric constants of insulators Transitions within the connector: i.e. transitioning from the cable size or stepping the connector from one line size to another line size,44,# 4. Return Loss/VSWR,The reflection coefficient is defined as:,It can also be shown that:,where Z0 is the characteristic impedance and ZL is the actual impedance,45,# 4. Return Loss/VSWR,Vmin = Ei - Er,With a mismatched line, the incident and reflected waves set up an interference pattern on the line known as a standing wave. The standing wave ratio is :,Vmax = Ei + Er,l 2,Voltage,46,# 4. Return Loss/VSWR,Return Loss, RL = Fraction of power reflected = |2, or -20 log | dB So, Pr = |2Pi,Mismatched Loss, ML = Fraction of power transmitted/absorbed = 1 - |2 or -10 log(1-|2) dB So, Pt = Pi (1 - |2) = Pi - Pr,Component,Cable,Power transmitted into component,Incident Power,Reflected Power,47,PowerPower TransmittedReturn Reflectedinto ComponentLossVSWR 1%99%20 dB (1/100=10-2)1.25 5%95%13 dB1.58 10%9