翻,译,欢迎光临,英,对,比,与,翻,译,汉,English-Chinese Contrast and Translation 左 飚 ,English-Chinese Contrast and Translation Zuo Biao,English-Chinese Contrast and Translation Zuo Biao,翻,译,欢迎光临,英,对,比,与,翻,译,汉,Three Parts 1. Language transfer （语言迁移） 2. Linguistic contrast（语言对比） 3. Contrast and translation （对比与翻译）,Part One Language Transfer in FL Learning: Interference or Facilitation? 外语学习中的语言迁移： 干扰还是促进？,What Is Language Transfer?,Transfer is the influence resulting from the similarities and differences between the target language and any other language that has been previously acquired . Odlin (1989: 27) 迁移是由于目标语与已经习得的语言之间的相似和差异而产生的 影响。 奥德林,Two Types of Transfer,Negative Transfer (负迁移) Errors arise from analogy. 类推会产生错误。,Positive Transfer （正迁移） Errors decrease by analysis. 分析能减少错误。,Keen awareness of the similarities and differences between the two languages can facilitate FL learning. 对两种语言相似与相异点的敏锐意识能促进外语学习。,Negative Transfer (负迁移): Interference (干扰),Causes: analogical use of ones prior knowledge of the mother tongue 母语先知结构的类推运用 scanty knowledge of differences between the two languages 对两种语言的差异所知甚少 unconscious falling back on the mother tongue speech habit 不自觉地回归母语的言语习惯 Chinglish = English words + Chinese structure 汉语式英语 = 英语单词 + 汉语结构,Native Language Transfer Does Exist.母语迁移现象确实存在,The age of the learner: around 20 学习者的年龄：20上下 The learning context：Chinese 学习的语境：汉语,Examples of Negative Transfer,Phonological transfer (语音迁移) The sound /n/ or /f/ does not exist in some Chinese dialects and /l/ or /h/ serves as a substitute. 在有些中国方言（如南京/闽南方言）中没有辅音/n/或/f/，而用辅音/l/或/h/来替代。,1、这位作家喜欢晚上写作。,The writer likes writing at light.,(night),他不怕死。 He does not hear to die.,(fear),Examples of Negative Transfer,He only eat two meal a day.,2、他一天只吃两顿饭。,Morphological transfer （词形迁移） Neither nouns nor verbs have inflections in Chinese. 在汉语中，名词和动词都没有形态变化。,(eats) (meals),我去年到北京去了三次。 I go to Beijing 3 time last year.,(went) (times),Examples of Negative Transfer,Shanghai is said to have thirty-three million population.,3、据说上海有三千三百万人口。,Collocation transfer (搭配迁移) The noun renkou, the Chinese equivalent of population, can have a numerical pre-modifier. Population的汉语对应词“人口”在汉语中可以用前置数词来修饰。,Shanghai is said to have a population of thirty-three million.,Shanghai is said to have thirty-three million people.,Examples of Negative Transfer,Measures must be taken to narrow the gap between the poor and the rich.,4、要采取措施缩小贫富差距。,Word order transfer (词序迁移),东南西北 或迟或早 悲欢离合 衣食住行 废寝忘食 水陆交通 饥寒交迫 田径项目 生老病死,the rich and the poor,Examples of Negative Transfer,He suggested me to accept this offer .,5、他建议我接受这个报价。,Syntactical transfer (句型迁移) The verb jianyi, the Chinese equivalent of suggest, can be used in VOC pattern in Chinese. Suggest的汉语对应词“建议”在汉语中可以用“动词+宾语+补语”的结构。,He suggested that I (should) accept this offer .,He suggested my (me) accepting this offer .,Examples of Negative Transfer,6. - Your English is wonderful. - Oh, no. My English is still poor.,Pragmatic transfer (语用迁移) The negative reply to a compliment is considered in Chinese as modest and courteous. 对赞扬的否定回答在汉语中被视为谦虚有礼貌。,- Your English is wonderful. - Thank you, but I still have a long way to go before I really master it.,Two Types of Transfer,Negative Transfer (负迁移) Errors arise from analogy. 类推会产生错误。,Positive Transfer （正迁移） Errors decrease by analysis. 分析能减少错误。,We could turn negative transfer (interference) into positive (facilitation) by making analysis on differences between the two languages and arouse the learners awareness of avoiding or reducing errors from analogy.,我们可以通过分析两种语言的差异，提高学生避免或减少类推错误的意识，把负迁移（干扰）转化为正迁移（促进）。,Part Two A Contrastive Study of English and Chinese 英汉语对比研究,Difference BetweenComparative Study and Contrastive Study,Comparative Study lays emphasis on the similarities between languages and applies the diachronic method of research. 比较研究着重寻找语言间的相似点，运用历时的研究方法。,Contrastive Study lays emphasis on the differences between languages and applies the synchronic method of research.对比研究着重寻找语言间的不同点，运用共时的研究方法。,语义型与形态型,Please translate the following:,不要人云亦云。 Dont say what others have said. 这件事，你做也好，他做也罢，我看谁都做不好。 Whether you do the matter or he does it, Im afraid neither will do it well. 支农惠农政策不断加强。 Policies were constantly strengthened to support and benefit agriculture. 必须采取措施在石油资源耗尽之前开发新能源。 Measures must be taken to develop new energy resources before petroleum resources are used up.,Please translate the following:,你再不起床，我要掀被子了。 If you should refuse to get up, I would pull off your quilt. 本拉登不死，美国就不会停止对他的追杀。 If bin Laden hadnt died, the US wouldnt have stopped hunting for him.,Please compare the underlined words:,不要人云亦云。 这件事，你做也好，他做也罢，我看谁都做不好。 支农惠农政策不断加强。 必须采取措施在石油耗尽之前开发新能源。 你再不起床，我要掀被子了。 本拉登不死，美国就不会停止对他的追杀。,Dont say what others have said. Whether you do it or he does it, Im afraid neither will do it well. Policies were constantly strengthened to support and benefit agriculture. Measures must be taken to develop new energy resources before pe