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高考英语短文填空考点讲解与真题分析专题14 名词给出的提示词是名词,要求用其适当形式填入空格。对名词的考查主要有:1. 变复数;2. 变成同根名词;3. 变动词;4. 变形容词。其中名词变复数和名词变形容词是考查的重点。1. 变复数如果给出的提示词是可数名词,且所填空格在句子中作主语,宾语,则将名词变为复数填入空格(主要有两种情况:一是空格前没有限定词,冠词或物主代词;二是空格前有all, many, some, few, several, a lot of, lots of, one of, 大于1的数词,分数,百分数等词修饰)。名词复数形式的构成应注意:1. 规则名词复数形式的构成: 1)一般情况在名词后加-s。例如: facefaces, cupcups, deskdesks 2)以-s, -x, -ch, -sh结尾的名词,后加-es。例如: busbuses, boxboxes, watchwatches, brushbrushes 3)以“辅音字母+y”结尾的名词,变y为i,再加-es。例如: citycities, factoryfactories, countrycountries, familyfamilies 4)以-f,-fe结尾的名词,一般变-f, -fe为v,再加-es。例如: wifewives, lifelives, leafleaves, shelfshelves, thiefthieves 但是:roofroofs, proofproofs, beliefbeliefs, handkerchiefhandkerchiefs/handkerchieves, scarfscarfs/scarves 5)以-o结尾的名词: a. 以“元音字母+o”结尾的名词或某些外来词,后加-s。例如: zoozoos, radioradios, pianopianos, kilokilos b. 以“辅音字母+o”结尾的名词(外来词除外),加-es。例如: heroheroes, tomatotomatoes, potatopotatoes c. 少数以-o结尾的名词,后加-e或-es都可以。例如: mottomotto(e)s, zerozero(e)s, volcanovolcano(e)s2. 不规则名词的复数形式 有些名词的复数形式不是通过在词尾加-s或-es构成,而是通过其词形变化构成。常见的有: manmen, womanwomen, toothteeth, footfeet, mousemice, goosegeese, childchildren, oxoxen, basisbases, datumdata, mediummedia, phenomenonphenomena。 一些以-man或-woman结尾的名词,其复数形式是将其词尾变为-men或-women。例如:fishermanfishermen, chairmanchairmen, policemanpolicemen, policewomanpolicewomen。1. No matter what you like to do, there is a way to get involved in various _ (activity) on Earth Day. (2019北京)【答案】activities【解析】句意:无论你喜欢做什么,地球日这一天你总有办法参与各种各样的活动。activity是可数名词,由various可知,应填复数形式。activity的复数形式是activities。2. Two of the authors of the review also made a study published in 2014 which showed a mere five to 10 minutes a day of running reduced the risk of heart disease and early deaths from all _ (cause). (2018全国I)【答案】causes【解析】句意:写这一评论的作家中有两名作家做了一项研究,并于2014年发表,研究表明一天只跑5到10分钟,就能降低心脏病和早死的风险。cause意为“病因”,是可数名词,在此作介词from的宾语,且有all修饰,应用复数causes。3. Few people I know seem to have much desire or time to cook. Making Chinese (dish) is seen as especially troublesome. (2018浙江)【答案】dishes【解析】句意:我认识的人中好像没有人有做饭的欲望和时间。做中国菜被认为是相当的麻烦。dish作“菜肴,一道菜”讲,是可数名词;这里前面没有限定词修饰,应用复数形式。dish的复数形式是dishes。4. This trend, which was started by the medical community(医学界)as a method of fighting heart disease, has had some unintended side _ (effect) such as overweight and heart diseasethe very thing the medical community was trying to fight.(2017全国I)【答案】effects【解析】句意:作为抵御心脏病的一种方法而始于医学界的这种趋势,产生了诸如肥胖,心脏病等意外的副作用,而这正是医学界力图战胜的疾病。effect意为“作用”,是可数名词,在此作has had的宾语,且有some修饰,应用复数effects。5. It ran for just under seven kilometers and allowed people to avoid terrible _ (crowd) on the roads above as they travelled to and from work.(2017全国II)【答案】crowds【解析】句意:它运行不到7公里,却使人们上下班途中避免了路面上的拥堵。crowd意为“人群”,是可数名词,在此作avoid的宾语。因前面没有冠词,应用复数形式。6. She has turned down several _ (invitation) to star at shows in order to concentrate on her studies. (2017全国III)【答案】invitations【解析】句意:她拒绝了好几家名模表演的邀请。invitation意为“请帖”,是可数名词,在此作has turned down的宾语,且有several修饰,应用复数。7. Last October , while tending her garden in Mora , Sweden , Lena Pahlsson pulled out a handful of small _ (carrot) and was about to throw them away. (2017浙江)【答案】carrots【解析】句意:去年十月,Lena Pahlsson在瑞典的收拾花园的时候,她拔出了一把小胡萝卜,而且正要把它们扔掉。Carrot是可数名词,前有a handful of修饰,应用复数形式。8. The nursery team switches him every few _ ( day) with his sister so that while one is being bottle-fed, the other is with mumshe never suspects.(2016全国I)【答案】days【解析】句意:保育组每隔几天就把他和他的妹妹调换一下,以便一个在用奶瓶喂养,另一个和妈妈在一起,这一点她从来不怀疑。few后应接名词的复数形式。9. Recent _ (study) show that we are far more productive at work if we take short breaks regularly.(2016全国II) 【答案】studies【解析】句意:最近一项研究表明,如果我们工作的时候有规律地休息一会,我们的工作效率会更高。study意为“研究”,在此作主语,谓语动词show是复数,所以主语应用复数。study的复数形式是studies。10. Id skipped nearby Guilin, a dream place for tourists seeking the limestone mountain tops and dark waters of the Li River which are pictured by artists in so many Chinese _ (painting). (2015全国I)【答案】paintings【解析】句意:我绕过了桂林,其石灰岩山顶和碧绿的漓江水使游客魂牵梦绕的地方,艺术家拍摄大量油画的地方。painting意为“油画”,前有many修饰,应用复数形式。2. 变成另一形式的名词如果给出的提示词是不可数名词,而且空格处在句子中作主语,宾语,表语,表示某种职业或身份,则应在空格中填入所给名词的另一形式的名词。My name is Mireya Mayor. Im a _ (science) who studies animals such as apes and monkeys.(2018全国III)【答案】scientist【解析】句意:我是米雷亚.梅尔,是研究诸如猿和猴子的科学家。由不定冠词a可知,应用单数可数名词;根据句意可知,这里指一位科学家。3. 变动词 提示词是名词,而空格后中心词还是名词,则在空格处填入动词。To avoid knee pain, you can run on soft surfaces, do exercises to _ (strength) your leg muscles (肌肉), avoid hills and get good running shoes. (2018全国I)【答案】strengthen【解析】句意:为避免膝盖疼,你可以在柔软的路面上跑步,锻炼来强健你的腿部肌肉,不要往山丘上跑,穿好的跑鞋。空格后面是名词短语,所以空格处应当是动词,与前面的to构成不定式,作目的状语。4. 变形容词 给出的提示词一般是不可数名词,而空格处作表语,表示人或物的性质,特征或状态,或作定语,则在空格处填入形容词。如果有比较连词than,则用形容词的比较级形式;如果有表示比较范围的of/in引起的介词短语,则用形容词的最高级形式。1. We are so proud
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