1汽轮机运行技术知识问答Q&A for the Turbine Operation Technology1. 试述火力电厂生产过程?Please describe the production process of the firing power plant?发电厂是把各种动力能源的能量转变成电能的工厂。Power plant is a factory which generates various dynamic resources into power.火力发电厂简称火电厂，是利用煤、石油、天然气等燃料的化学能产生出电能的工厂。Firing power plant, shortly called firepower plant, who mainly utilize the chemical energy from coal, petroleum, or natural gas, etc. to generate the power. 火电厂的容量大小各异，具体形式也不尽相同，但就其生产过程来说却是相似的。The volume of each power plant can be different, and so does the specific form, however, the production process are quite similar.煤送至锅炉的炉膛内燃烧。煤燃烧后形成的热烟气沿锅炉的水平烟道和尾部烟道流动，放出热量，最后进入除尘器，将燃烧后的煤灰分离出来。洁净的烟气在引风机的作用下通过烟囱排入大气。燃煤燃尽的灰渣落入炉膛下面的渣斗内，与从除尘器分离出的细灰送至灰库。The coals were put into the boiler hearth for firing, and the generated hot gas will flow along with the boilers horizontal flue and after-body flue, discharge heat energy, and then get into the separator chamber to separate from coal dust. Clean gas will get through stack and flow into the atmosphere. While the exhausted dust will fall into the dust collector which is under the boiler hearth, and to be transported along with the existing dust conveyor to the dust silo.在除氧器水箱内的水经过给水泵升压后送入省煤器。在省煤器内，水受到热烟气的加热，然后进入锅炉顶部的汽包内。在锅炉炉膛四周密布着水管，称为水冷壁。水冷壁水管的上下两端均通过联箱与汽包连通，汽包内的水经由水冷壁不断循环，吸收煤燃烧过程中放出的热量。部分水在冷壁中被加热沸腾后汽化成水蒸汽，这些饱和蒸汽由汽包上部流出进入过热器中。饱和蒸汽在过热器中继续吸热，加热成符合规定温度和压力的过热蒸汽,经管道送到汽轮机做功。加热成符合规定温度和压力的过热蒸汽。过热蒸汽经管道引入汽轮机后，便将热势能转变成动能。高速流动的蒸汽推动汽轮机转子转动，形成机械能。The water within the deaerator water tank will be transferred to economizer by feed-water pump. And such water within the economizer will be transferred to boiler-top steam drum after heated up by the hot gas. Water pipes were densely covered on the boiler hearth and form as water cooling wall. The water cooling wall tubes are interconnected with steam drum through tube header by upper side and lower side, the water inside the steam drum continuously circulate along with the water cooling wall and absorb the heat energy which discharged during coal firing process. Partly water will transform into steam on the wall after heating process, such saturated steam will flow into the super-heater through steam upper side. And the saturated steam will continue absorb heat within the super-heater, super-heated steam which conform to the rated temperature and pressure will transfer to turbine through pipeline, after the turbine process, the heat energy will be transformed into power. The high speed rotated steam will push the turbine rotor move and generate mechanical energy.汽轮机的转子与发电机的转子通过连轴器联在一起。当汽轮机转子转动时便带动发电机转子转动。励磁柜发出的直流电送至发电机的转子线圈中，使转子成为电磁铁，周围产生磁场。当发电机转子旋转时，磁场也是旋转的，发电机定子内的导线就会切割磁力线感应产生2电流。这样，发电机便把汽轮机的机械能转变为电能。电能经变压器将电压升压后，由输电线送至电用户。 The rotors of turbine and generator will be interconnected via couple. The generator rotor will be driven to rotate by the turbine rotor. DC energy launched by exciting panel will be transferred to the generator rotor wiring which transform the rotor as electromagnetism, and the surrounding magnetic field will be rotated when the generator rotor keep rotation, furthermore, the wire inside the generator stator will incise the magnetic force line induction and generate electric current. In this case, the generator can transform the turbine mechanical energy into power. Finally the power will transfer to the power users after the voltage was ascended by the transformer.在汽轮机内作完功释放出热势能的蒸汽从汽轮机下部的排汽口排出，称为乏汽。乏汽在凝汽器内被循环水泵送入凝汽器的冷却水冷却，从新凝结成水，此水成为凝结水。凝结水由凝结水泵送入到除氧器内，完成一个循环。在循环过程中难免有汽水的泄露，即汽水损失，因此要适量地向循环系统内补给一些水，以保证循环的正常进行。除氧器是为了除去水含的氧气以减少对设备及管道的腐蚀。The steam which discharged from the turbine lower side was called exhausted gas. Such exhausted gas was transferred into the condensing cooling water for cooling down by the circulating pump, and condensed as water again; such water was called condensed water; and the condensed water will be transferred in to the deaerator to finish one-time circulation. The steam leakage can not be avoided during the circulation process, which called steam loss, so some water shall be added into the circulating system so as to keep the smooth circulating process. The function of deaerator is to reduce the oxygen composition within the water which may result in potential erosion impact for the equipment and pipeline.以上从能量转换的角度，火力发电厂生产过程即把是燃料的化学能蒸汽的热势能机械能电能的过程。在锅炉中，燃料的化学能转变为蒸汽的热能；在汽轮机中，蒸汽的热能转变为轮子旋转的机械能；在发电机中机械能转变为电能。炉、机、电是火电厂中的主要设备，亦称三大主机。与三大主机相辅工作的设备成为辅助设备或称辅机。主机与辅机及其相连的管道、线路等称为系统。火电厂的主要系统有燃烧系统、汽水系统、电气系统等。In view of the energy transformation consideration, the power plant production process can be broke up as: fuel chemical energy steam heat energy mechanical energy power. During the boiler process, the fuel chemical energy will be transformed into steam heat energy; during the turbine process, steam heat energy will be transformed into mechanical energy of rotor rotation; the generator mechanical energy will be transformed into power. Boiler, turbine and generator are the main equipment inside the power plant, and also called