Chapter 2 Speech Sounds,Phonetics Phonology,Can you speak correctly?,Sit and sip Sues tea. Her heart got hurt. Bill fired, Jill hired. Jeer at the year liar. Stop hopping to top. Quash quakes quickly! Deer fear mere tears. Bob Hope taps the cup.Kent sent a cent to Ant. Fox falls in love in fall.,Goat road a boat to vote. Don, t worry, but hurry, Jerry. Hannah s llama has a hammer. Shes a big sheep on Peters ship. The batters bitter butters better. The suite suits the sweet Sweeneys. Fred Ford cant afford four Fords. Thin metal tins think tinkers kings. The busy bees buzz at the big bear. Puffins in the coffin munch muffins. 棺木里的海鹦大嚼松饼。,Introduction,Thespeech and writingare two media or substance used by natural language as vehicles for communication Modern linguistics regards the spoken form of language as primary, but not the written form. Linguists are not interested in all sounds; they are concerned with only those sounds that are produced by the human speech organs.,1. Phonetics,1.1 Speech production and perception 1.2 Speech organs (vocal organs) 1.3 Phonetic transcription 1.4 English speech sounds,1. Phonetics,Phonetics studies how speech sounds are produced, transmitted, and perceived. Its concerned with all the sounds that occur in the worlds languages.,1.1 Speech production and perception,Speech Speech Production Perception (speaker A) (speaker B),A three-step process of speech sounds,From the speakers point of view: how a speaker uses his speech organs to articulate the sounds, which results in articulatory phonetics.,Articulatory phonetics-the study of the production of speech sounds,From the hearers point of view: how the sounds are perceived by the hearer, which results in auditory phonetics.,Auditory phonetics-the study of the perception of speech sounds,From the way sounds travel: how sounds travel by looking at the sound waves, the physical means by which sounds are transmitted through the air from one person to another, which results in acoustic phonetics.,Perceptual or Acoustic phonetics-the study of the physical properties of the sounds produced in speech,1.2 Speech organs (vocal organs),The parts of the human body are involved in the production of speech. Lungs Trachea(windpipe) Larynx(where the vocal folds are) Mouth Nose,The three cavities of the vocal tract: the pharynx (pharyngeal cavity), the mouth (oral cavity), the nose (nasal cavity). The air- stream coming from the lungs is modified in various ways in these cavities, resulting in the production of various sounds.,Organs of speech,A. The pharyngeal cavity: 13 windpipe, 12 glottis/vocal cords, 11 pharyngeal cavity B. The oral cavity: 1/2 lips, 3/4 teeth, 5 teeth ridge(alveolus), 6 hard palate,7 soft palate (velum), 4 uvula, 8 tip of tongue, 9 blade of tongue, 10 back of tongue C. Nasal cavity:,Voicing浊音化,It is the result of the vibration of the vocal cords. When the vocal cords are drawn wide apart, letting air go through without causing vibration, the sounds produced in such a way are voiceless. When vocal cords are held together tautly so that the air stream vibrates them, the sounds produced in this way are voiced.,1.3 phonetic transcription,A method of writing down speech sounds in a systematic and consistent way. 1.3.1 IPA (International phonetic Alphabet) 1.3.2 Two ways to transcribe speech sounds,1.3.1 IPA (International phonetic Alphabet),IPA: the abbreviation of International Phonetic Alphabet, which is devised by the International Phonetic Association in 1888 on the basis of the phonetic alphabet proposed at the time. It is a standardized and internationally accepted system of phonetic transcription. The Danish grammarian Jespersen first proposed the idea in 1886. The first version of IPA was published in August 1888. The latest version was devised in 1993 and corrected in 2005.,Its main principles were that there should be a separate letter for each distinctive sound, and the same symbol should be used for that sound in any language in which it appears. the alphabet was to consist of as many Roman alphabet letters as possible, using new letters and diacritics only when absolutely necessary. These principles continue to be followed today.,1.3.2 Two ways to transcribe speech sounds,Broad transcription: transcription with letter-symbols only. This is the transcription normally used in dictionaries and teaching textbooks. E.g.help help, speak spi:k Narrow transcription: transcription with letter-symbols together with the diacritics. This is the transcription required and used by the phoneticians in their study of speech sounds. E.g. help hep , peak pi:k Diacritics: A set of symbols ( 。. , )added to the letter-symbols to show that it has a sound value different from that of the same letter without the mark.,1.4 English speech sounds,1.4.1 Classification 1.4.2 Description of English consonants 1.4.3 Description of English vowels,1.4.1 Classi