概要写作 summary,What is a summary? A summary is a brief statement that gives only the main points of something, not the details. 牛津高阶英汉双解词典,1. 考纲要求,概要写作。提供一篇350词以内的短文，要求考生基于该短文写出一篇60词左右（少于40或多于80词扣两分）的内容概要。阅卷时主要考虑以下内容： 1.对原文要点的理解和呈现情况； 2.应用语法结构和词汇的准确性和独创性； 3.上下文的连贯性；,read for key point/ topic sentences,paraphrase/own words,polish,概要写作步骤：,Step 1 定位 Locate the key sentences； Step2 改写 Rewrite the key sentences in your own words； Step3 修改 Add some conjunctions and polish your summary.,Para.1 No one knows exactly how the earth began, as it happened so long ago. However, according to a widely accepted theory,the universe began with a “Big Bang” that threw matter in all directions. After that,atoms began to form and combine to create stars and other bodies.,Read for key points or topic Sentences,Tip1: Sentences beginning with signal words like “but”, “however”,“actually” etc. are often the focus.,Para.2 For several billion years after the “Big Bang”, the earth was still just a cloud of dust. What it was to become was uncertain until between 4.5 and 3.8 billion years ago when the dust settled into a solid globe. The earth became so violent that it was not clear whether the shape would last or not. It exploded loudly with fire and rock. They were in time to produce carbon, nitrogen, water vapor and other gases, which were to make the earths atmosphere. What is even more important is that as the earth cooled down, water began to appear on its surface.,Tip2: Key words are often repeated.Find the logic between details and summarize it.,the earth came into being,water,atmosphere,Para.3 Water had also appeared on other planets like Mars but unlike the earth, it had disappeared later. It was not immediately obvious that water was to be fundamental to the development of life. What many scientists believe is that the continued presence of water allowed the earth to dissolve harmful gases and acids into the oceans and seas. This produced a chain reaction, which made it possible for life to develop.,Tip3: The topic sentence is not necessarily the first sentence or the last one, but it must convey the main idea.,Tip4: Omit省略 detailed information.,supporting sentence,Focus on repeated words or phrases; Notice signal words like “but”, “sadly”, “however”, etc. Omit detailed information. The topic sentence is not necessarily the first or the last sentence.,How to locate the topic sentence,概要写作三步法：,Step 1 定位 Locate the essential information； Step2 改写 Rewrite the information in your own words； Step3 修改 Add some conjunctions and polish your summary.,概要写作之改写微技能：,（1）替换：同义词替换；单词替换短语；短语替换句子 （2）转换：词性转换；句式转换；语态转换；主语转换,Para.1 The universe began with a “Big Bang”同义词替换,The universe started with/originated from a big bang.,Practice:,Para.1 The universe began with a “Big Bang”主语转换,A big bang gave rise to/leaded to/resulted in the universe.,Practice:,Para.2,The earth came into being,atmosphere,water,The earth came into being with atmosphere and water on its surfaces .,Practice:,Para.3,It took some time for water to show the importancein the development of life .,It was not immediately obvious that water was to be fundamental to the development of life.,同义词替换/句式转化/主语转化,Step 1 定位 Locate the essential information； Step2 改写 Rewrite the information in your own words； Step3 修改 Add some conjunctions and polish your summary.,概要写作三步法：,However,Long after the appearance of universe,The universe started with/originated from a big bang.,The earth came into being with atmosphere and water on its surfaces .,It took some time for water to show the importance in the development of life .,The universe started with a big bang .Long after the appearance of it, the earth came into being with atmosphere and water on its surfaces . However, It took some time for water to show the importance in the development of life . (66 words),One possible version,practice,阅读下面短文，根据其内容写一篇60 词左右的内容概要。 We shouldnt judge a person by their appearance but we do. In fact, the experts say that when we meet someone for the first time we make a decision about what that person is like in three seconds. But what do we look at? One of the most important things is clothes, but it isnt the brand of clothes that people wear that is important. The important thing is to wear the right clothes for the occasion. Schools have always understood this and a lot of them ask their students to wear a uniform. Why? A lot of teachers think a uniform makes students feel that they are part of their school and that their uniform helps them to be serious about their studies. Teachers say that uniforms can help in other ways too. If all the students wear uniforms, they cant judge each other because of their clothes. It also avoids arguments about who or what is fashionable. However, it is not only schools that want people to dress in a certain way. We all have fixed ideas about what the people in a certain profession should wear. If we visit a doctor, we expect to see respecta