定语从句学习口诀山东 刘永科一、学习定语从句概述“定语从句”，顾名思义，就是句子作定语。它是英语学习的重点和难点，也是各类英语考试，尤其是高考的必考项目。它是复合句中三大从句（名词性从句、状语从句和定语从句）之一，也是最难掌握的一种从句。定语从句的难点在于它的结构特殊，即“先行词+关系代词（关系副词）+从句”。许多学生分不清哪是先行词，甚至忽略先行词的概念，因而不能正确使用关系代词或关系副词，更不清楚定语从句中的一些特殊情况。因此，要想掌握定语从句，就必须弄懂定语从句的本质，掌握其要点：1. 什么叫先行词？准确判断出定语从句所修饰的先行词；2. 关系代词和关系副词有何区别，正确使用关系代词或关系副词；3. 介词置于关系代词之前的情况；4. 关系代词或关系副词的省略；5. 限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句的区别；6. 定语从句与强调句型和同位语从句的区别。二、原创定语从句学习口诀目前，鉴于语法书和其他教辅对该问题讲解得比较复杂，甚至有些混乱，读者对于定语从句以及关系代词和关系副词的用法，经常混淆不清。结合自己多年的教学经验，我特地编写了定语从句口诀，并辅以【讲解】。【口诀】除了让学生背诵之外，更要弄懂每句口诀的含义。该口诀包含了定语从句的基本内容。定语从句口诀力争做到：内容全面，归纳条例；思路清晰，例句恰当；押韵上口，适合背诵。（口诀一）定语从句真奇妙，关系代(副)词来引导，定语从句分两种，是否限定看逗号。（口诀二）which指物who指人，地点where时间when,that人或物均可，why之前是reason。（口诀三）从句当中作宾语，whom可以代替who,为了句子更简练，关系代词可省去。（口诀四）关系若是表所属，whose用法不可无。除此之外还有啥，whom, which加of。（口诀五）关系代词不一般，介词经常用在前，此时不用that, who，which, whom才安全。三、定语从句“口诀一”详解定语从句真奇妙，关系代(副)词来引导，定语从句分两种，是否限定看逗号。该口诀的意思是，定语从句由关系代词(which, that, who, whom, whose)和关系副词(where, when, why)来引导。请同学们牢记这8个词。定语从句分“限制性定语从句”和“非限制性定语从句”两种，前者表示与主句的关系比较密切，它说明先行词的性质、身份、特征等状况。如果去掉，则会影响句子意思的完整。后者表示与主句的关系不十分密切，只是对先行词作些附加说明而已。如果去掉，主句意思仍然清楚完整。它跟主句之间常用逗号分开，翻译时通常不译作定语，而是单独译成与主句并列的句子。请比较：Tom is a boy who often helps others. 汤姆是一个经常帮助别人的男孩。（who often helps others是限制性定语从句。如果去掉，Tom is a boy.这个句子就没什么意义。）Yesterday I met Tom, who seemed a little upset. 昨天我见到了汤姆，他看起来有点心烦意乱。（who seemed a little upset是非限制性定语从句。如果去掉，Yesterday I met Tom.仍有意义。）又如：A doctor is a person who looks after peoples health. 医生就是负责人们健康的人。This is the diamond which the lady has lost. 这就是那位女士丢失的钻石。The school where I studied for only two years was three kilometers away. 我学习了仅两年的那所学校离家3公里远。I still remember the time when I first traveled by plane. 我仍然记得第一次坐飞机旅行的时间。（以上为限制性定语从句）Last night I saw a very good film, which was about the Second World War. 昨晚我看了一部非常好的电影，它是关于第二次世界大战的。My parents live in my hometown, which is about 30 kilometers from here. 我的父母住我的家乡，离这里大约30公里。Alice, who is a distant relative of mine, studies in Yale now. 爱丽丝是我的一位远房亲戚，她现在耶鲁学习。The house, where a murder case happened last year, has got a lovely garden. 那栋房子有一个漂亮的花园，去年那里发生过一起谋杀案。（以上为非限制性定语从句）四、定语从句“口诀二”详解which指物who指人，地点where时间when,that人或物均可，why之前是reason。该口诀的意思是，选用什么样的关系代词（或关系副词），是由先行词决定的。定语从句所修饰的词叫做先行词；连接先行词和定语从句的词叫做关系词（包括关系代词和关系副词），也叫引导词。关系词不仅在先行词与定语从句之间起连接作用，而且也充当定语从句中的一个成分。例如：They planted some trees which didnt need much water. 他们种植了一些不大需要水的树木。（which指物）The foreigner who visited our school yesterday is from Canada. 昨天参观我们学校的那位外国人来自加拿大。（who指人）This is the house where the old scientist once lived. 这是那位老科学家曾经居住过的房子。（为了押韵才说“地点where”。意思是说，先行词是地点时，关系词用where。）I will never forget the day when I joined the Youth League. 我将永远不会忘记我加入团的那一天。（为了押韵才说“时间when”。意思是说，先行词是时间时，关系词用when。）Do you know the man that is reading a book over there? 你认识正在那儿读书的那个人吗？（that人或物均可）This is a supermarket that sells a variety of goods. 这是一家出售各种各样商品的超市。（that人或物均可）I dont know the reason why he is late. 我不知道他迟到的原因。（为了押韵才说“why之前是reason”。意思是说，先行词是原因reason时，关系词用why。）【注意】当定语从句由关系副词where, when或why引导时，可以用“介词+which”代替。例如：This is the house where the old scientist once lived. = This is the house in which the old scientist once lived. I will never forget the day when I joined the Youth League. = I will never forget the day on which I joined the Youth League.She came around to explain the reason why she was absent from the meeting. = She came around to explain the reason for which she was absent from the meeting.【注意】并非所有的地点、时间或原因，后面的定语从句都要用where, when或why引导。如果定语从句中缺少主语或宾语，那么，就要用that或which引导。例如：This is the house that/which (不用where) my father built last year. 这是我父亲去年建造的房子。（作定语从句的宾语）Do you still remember the days that/which (不用when) we spent in the countryside? 你是否还记得我们在乡下度过的那些日子吗？（作定语从句的宾语）I wont listen to the reason that/which (不用why)you have given us. 我坚决不听你给我们提供的那个理由。（作定语从句的宾语）五、定语从句“口诀三”详解从句当中作宾语，whom可以代替who,为了句子更简练，关系代词可省去。该口诀的意思是，如果关系代词在定语从句中作了宾语，那么就可以省略。此时，指人的关系代词whom可以代替who，当然也都可以省略。具体地说，who和whom二者都用于指人。语法规定，who在定语从句中作主语，whom在定语从句中作宾语。但在现代英语中，作定语从句宾语时，用who和whom都可以。例如：The boy who made a speech just now is my best friend.刚才讲话的那个男孩是我最好的朋友。（who在从句中作主语，不可省略）I have many friends (who/whom) I can turn to for help when in trouble.我有很多在困难时刻可以求助的朋友。(who/whom在从句中作宾语，可以省略)【注意】在从句中作介词的宾语且介词提到之前时，只能用whom,不能用who。如：I have many friends to whom I can turn for help when in trouble.我有很多在困难时刻可以求助的朋友。The river which/that runs through the centre of the city brings us lots of pleasure.穿过市中心的那条河给我们带来了很多欢乐。（which/that在从句中作主语，不可省略）Do you remember the holiday (which/that) we spent together? 你记得我们一起度过的那个假期吗？（which在从句中作宾语，可以省略）The message (which/that) you are looking for is in todays China Daily.你找的信息就在今天的中国日报上。（that, which在从句中作宾语，可以省略）又如：The fish (which/that) I cooked