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省略和并列平行结构英语中词的省略现象很多。其目的是为了符合英语表达习惯和修辞特点。省略词语决不是可以随意增删词句,而是要必须遵循以下几条原则:1) 可有可无的,或是多余的。2) 省略的词义已经体现在上下文中。阅读时,必须根据上下文找出英语中省略的词语翻译时再根据汉语的习惯进行适当增补。1. Someone traveling alone, if hungry, injured, or ill, often had nowhere to turn expect to the nearest cabin or settlement.分析:在时间、地点、条件、让步、方式状语从句中,如果从句的主语与主句的主语相同(或为 it),而从句的谓语又含有 be(包括连系动词 be 和助动词 be),则可以省略“主语+be”译文:独自旅行的人,要是饿了、受伤了或是生病了,除了最近的小木屋或居民点,常常无处求援。2. Anything from cosmic rays to radiation to diet may activate a dormant oncogene, but how remains unknown.分析:这是一个由 but 连接的并列句。其中第二个分句的主语是一个主语从句。由于该主语从句的主谓宾与第一个分句相同,所以被全部省略。只剩下疑问副词 how。译文:任何东西,从宇宙射线到辐射,以至日常饮食,都可能激活潜伏的致癌基因,但如何激活的,仍然不得而知。3. Fighting means killing, and civilized peoples ought to be able to find some way of setting their disputes other than by seeing which side can kill off the greater number of the other side, and then saying that that side which has killed most has won. And not only has won, but, because it has won, has been in the right.分析:介词短语 by seeing which side前省略了 setting their disputes。seeing which side can kill off the greater number of the other side 与 saying that that side which has killed most has won 是介词 by 后的两个并列成分。译文:打仗意味着残杀,。文明的民族应该能够找到某种解决争端的方法,而不是通过看哪一方能消灭另一方更多的人,然后说杀人最多的一方获胜来解决争端。胜者不仅胜了,而且还因为胜利而有理。4. A few weeks with one firm, a few days with another, then out of a job, then on again for a month perhaps and so on.分析:这是省略句,省略了句子的主语和谓语。这样使句子的结构更加紧凑。在文学作品中常有这种句子。翻译时要用恰当的连接词,把句子的紧凑性翻译出来。译文:给这家公司干几周,又给那家干几天,然后失业没活儿干,接着又找到工作干上个把月,就这样一会儿有工作,一会儿失业。5. So, tips will no doubt net much less during the summer and the company will be less interesting.分析:这是并列句。由 and 连接。第一句中的谓语动词是 will net, net在这里做动词,意为“挣得、赢得”。第二句的谓语动词是 will be,因为两个句子在结构上是平行的,所以省略了 will,又因为省略的是助动词,因此汉语中不必译出。译文:整个夏天挣的小费必将很少很少,而且还得和乏味的人在一起干活。6. Each and every story preaches from the same gospel: tomorrow will be different from today, violently different perhaps.分析:该句的最后一部分省略了主语和谓语,因为前一句的主语和谓语与它是相同的。若不省略就会显得很罗嗦,翻译时也要省略。译文:每篇小说都宣扬着同一条信念:明天与今天不一样,也许会非常不一样。7. By taking thought, men can move mountainsand have.分析:该句的最后一部分用表示完成式的助动词 have 代替了前面提到的动词。译文:凭借智慧,人能移山,实际上人类已经做到了。8. You see, dear, I know that the stick-in- the- mud people are doing us a good turn and themselves a bad one by going back to secret trials and executions so soon, and I know that if you who are left stand together steadily and hit hard, you will see great things.分析:这是并列复合句。主干结构是 I know thatand I know that。两个 that 引起两个宾语从句。第一个宾语从句中省略了 are doing themselves a bad turn。第二个宾语从句中有一个条件状语从句。译文:你瞧,亲爱的,我知道那些陷入泥潭的家伙,如此迫不及待地重新使用起秘密审讯和秘密处决的手段,这实际上是在帮我们的忙,而害了他们自己;我还知道,如果你们留下来的人能够坚定地团结一致,给他们以狠狠的打击,你们就会取得伟大的成就。9. When the media add interpretation and analysis, as they must to do their job fully, strong dislike of the messengers may become intense.分析:as 引导的从句说明 when 从句的内容,可以说是从句的从句,翻译时最好放在主句之后,起补充说明作用。句中 must 后省略了谓语 add interpretation and analysis。译文:媒体一旦增添了解释和分析,就会引起人们的强烈反感,然而,媒体又必须这样做才能充分发挥其作用。10. To get a description of direction along the line, we shall call the line on one side of the origin positive, on the other side negative.分析:“to get”不定式短语表示目的。on the other side 前面省略了 and we shall call the line,后面省略了 of the origin。翻译时应把省略的部分补出来。译文:为了描述这条直线的方向,我们把位于原点一侧的直线叫做正的,而把位于原点另一侧的直线叫做负的。 英语常用并列连词,如 and, but, so, yet, for, nor, or, not onlybut also, eitheror 或 neithernor 等连接两个或几个同等成分,这种结构称为并列结构。连接的同等成分可以是两个或几个动词的宾语、两个或几个名词的定语、两个或几个介词短语等。如果并列连词连接的是两个或几个简单句,则构成一个并列句,使用并列结构可以使文字简洁,结构紧凑,并避免重复。1. But the individualist approach, by attacking gender roles, denying the significance of physiological difference, and condemning existing familial institutions as hopelessly patriarchal, has often simply treated as irrelevant the family roles important to many women.分析:句中由 by 引导的三个并列平行结构表示原因。treated as结构使用了倒装结构,因为 the family roles 后面有修饰成分,故将其置后。译文:而个人主义的方法由于攻击性别角色,否定生理差别的重要性,攻击现存的家庭体制是不可救药的父权制,结果把对许多妇女来说非常重要的家庭角色完全视为无关紧要了。2. There is no complete inventory of positions or people in federal service at this level. The lack may be explained by separate agency statutes and personnel systems, diffusion among so many special services, and the absence of any central point (short of President himself) with jurisdiction over all upper-level personnel of the government.分析:介词 by 后面的 separatepersonnel systems, diffusionspecial services 和 the absence ofthe government 为三个并列成分。表示缺少详细记载的原因。句中一些词要转译。译文:这个级别的联邦政府官员和职位没有完整的记载。对此(缺少详细记载)所做的解释可能是,各部门的条例和人事制度各不相同,分布的特殊服务部门太多并缺少一个中心机构(总统本人除外)来管理所有的政府高级官员。3. He refuses to consider sufficiently the wants of the customer, who must buy, not the thing he desires but the thing the English gentleman wants to sell.分析:动词 consider 后面的宾语是 the wants of the customer。 非限定性定语从句 who must buy 修饰 the customer,not the thing but the thing是并列成分。译文:他们不肯充分考虑顾客的需要,顾客必须买的不是他们所希望买的东西,而是英国绅士想要卖的东西。4. Green, hilly, with abundant trees, it was a beautiful country, the Virginia-Kentucky border territoryor would have been, except for the mines.分析:和 it was a beautiful country 并列的分句(it) would have been是虚拟语气,后面省略了 a beautiful country。Green, hilly, with abundant trees 修饰 a be
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