1,定语从句,庄蔚,2,定语从句,定义：句中用来修饰、限定或说明名词或名词词组的成分称为定语。而用来作定语的句子则称为定语从句。 要素：从句、先行词、引导词（关系代词或副词）。 它们的通常位置是：先行词引导词（关系代词 或副词）从句,3,定语从句,Period 1 （一）定语从句的关系代词和关系副词 1关系代词：who, whom, whose, that, which 其中 a. who, whom修饰人； who在从句中作主语 e.g. The boy who cheated in the exam was punished. whom在从句中作宾语 e.g. The girl (whom) you met in the street yesterday was my cousin. The professor (whom) he was talking with came from Britain,4,定语从句,b. Which修饰事物, 在从句中既可作主语又可作宾语： e.g. She was not in the train which arrived just now. The dog (which) I lost has been found. c. That, whose两者都能修饰 that在从句中既可作主语又可作宾语： e.g. The man that was standing over there told you to wait for a while. This is the best cinema (that) I know. whose 则表示所属关系，意为“某人或某物的” e.g. Do you know the kid whose father is a superstar? The window whose glass was broken faces south,5,定语从句,注意： A. 以上关系代词在从句中作宾语时一般可省略，但以下情况例外： 1）关系代词作介词宾语，且介词放在定语从句句首： e.g. The man (whom)I was talking with is not your uncle. * The man with whom I was talking is not your uncle. 2）在非限制性定语从句中： e.g. My new car, which I paid a lot for, isnt running well. (其中which 虽作宾语但不可省略,6,定语从句,B. that 不可直接跟在介词后作宾语： e.g. The man with that I was talking isnt your uncle. (X) The man with whom I was talking isnt your uncle.() C. 在修饰事物时只用that ，不用which的情况如下： 1）先行词前有序数词或形容词最高级修饰： e.g. It is the first ship that arrived in America. The hotel is the grandest building (that) he has ever seen,7,定语从句,2）先行词是all, everything, nothing 等不定代词： e.g. That is all (that) your parents can do for you. 3)先行词由any, very, only 等修饰： e.g. Is there any question that troubles you much,8,定语从句,2关系副词：where, when, why Where 在从句中作地点状语： e.g. It is the grassland where we used to play together. When 在从句中作时间状语： e.g. He would never forget the day when he was saved by the doctor. Why 在从句中作原因状语： e.g. Tell the reason why you are so late today,9,定语从句,注意： A.先行词表示地点、时间或原因时关系词也并非都要用where, when, why. 要具体看其在从句中充当的成分： 区别下面几组用法： a. This is the village where I was born. This is the village (that) I visited last year. b. I will never forget the day when I first came here. I will never forget the day (that) I spent in Qingdao. c. Do you know the reason why they cant finish the task on time? Do you know the reason (that/which)they gave on the meeting,10,定语从句,B.在一些特殊句中，where和 when 可省略： a.有时可省略where: e.g. This is the place (where) we met yesterday. b.省略when: 先行词为every time, the first time, any time, the moment 等时可省略when: e.g. She came to visit me the moment I was about to leave. Call me any time you want to,11,定语从句,练习 1： 1.The mother _ son died in the war was heartbroken. 2.Jack has explained the reason _ he cant come here. 3.The first English novel _I read was Robinson Crusoe. 4.Have you done all _ should be done? 5.It was not the first time _ he quarreled with his boss. 6.Do you still remember the first birthday party to _ you were invited,12,定语从句,二）限制性和非限制性定语从句 1.限制性定语从句对先行词加以限制和修饰，如果省去，会影响句子表意： e.g. The man who stole the wallet was arrested. The man was arrested. (Which man was arrested?) 非限制性定语从句对先行词只作补充说明，如果省去，一般不会影响句子表意： e.g. Michael, whose parents were killed in the accident, is now living with his aunt. Michael is now living with his aunt,13,定语从句,2.两种从句的直观区别就是非限制性定语从句的主从句中间应用“,”隔开。 3.翻译成中文时，限制性定语从句翻译为“的”，先翻译从句，后翻译主句；而非限制性定语从句在译文中不作，一般先译主句，后翻译从句。 e.g. Sunday is the day people dont have to work. 星期天是人们不必工作的日子。 Sunday is a holiday, when people dont have to work. 星期天是假日， 这天人们不必工作,14,定语从句,4.关系词that, why不可用在非限制性定语从句中。 5.非限制性定语从句中，which有时指代前面句子的全部或部分意思： e.g. He invited us to dinner, which was very kind of him. （which指代前句的全部意思） When deeply engaged in work, which he often was, he would forgot all about eating or sleeping. （which指代前句部分意思，即deeply engaged in work,15,定语从句,6.非限制性定语从句中，which, whom常和介词连用： e.g. Her sons, both of whom are studying abroad, ring her every two weeks. I have only a dozen apples, some of which have already gone bad. 7.which在非限制性定语从句有时作定语： e.g. My daughter spent four years in college, during which time she learned Spanish. You may have to get into hospital, in which case you wont be going on holiday,16,定语从句,练习 2： 翻译下列句子： A.That was an island, whose name I have forgotten. B.The friend with whom I was traveling during the summer vacation could speak four languages. C.He is changing his mind all the time, which makes me quite angry. D.I lost the book he lent to me last week, for which mistake I should apologize,17,定语从句,用适当的代词或副词填空： A.She has five daughters, but none of _ now live near her. B.She had eight children, three of _ lived to grow up. C.Mr. Johnson, for _ I used to work, has now moved to another city. D.The small town, _ our family lived, is developing very fast. E.My daughters going to arrive next month, _ some of our friends will also come to visit. F.The beautiful villa, for _ he spent $500,000, is now worth twice,18