非谓语动词 不定式 1概述动词不定式是动词的一种非谓语形式，在句中不能单独作谓语。动词不定式具有动词的性质，它可以有自己的宾语和状语，从而构成动词不定式短语。它还可以有形式的变化，即一般式、进行式、完成式和完成进行时，主动式和 被动式。同时，动词不定式也具有非动词的性质，相当于一个名词、形容词或副词，可以在句中担任主语、宾语、宾语补足语、表语、定语和状语。2. 动词不定式的构成 动词不定式是由不定式符号to+动词原形构成，在某些情况下to也可省略。主动形式被动形式否定式一般式to do to be donenot to do/ not to be done 进行式to be doingnot to be doing完成式to have doneto have been donenot to have (been) done完成进行式to have been doingnot to have been doing2.1不定式的一般式不定式的一般式表示的动作通常与主要谓语的动作同时或几乎同时发生，或是在它之后发生。He appears to be very happy. 他看起来好像很高兴。（同时发生）To catch the train, wed better hurry to the station by taxi. 为了赶上火车，我们最好赶紧乘出租车去车站。（赶火车发生在到站之后）2.2不定式的进行式不定式的进行式表示正在进行的或与谓语动词同时发生的动作。 It happened to be raining when I got there. 我到达那里的时候，天碰巧在下雨。Im glad to be traveling with you. 我很高兴和你一起旅游。 有时表示即将发生的动作The old man seems to be dying. 2.3不定式的完成式 2.3.1不定式的完成式表示的动作在谓语表示的动作之前发生。 Im sorry to have lost your key. 我很抱歉把你的钥匙弄丢了。I meant to have finished my work last night, but I didnt feel very well. 我本来想昨晚完成工作的，但是我感觉身体不舒服。It has been an honor for me to have been invited to your country. 对我来说，被邀请来你们国家是一件很荣幸的事情。2.3.2 不定式的完成式可以表示未实现的愿望下列动词的过去式加不定式完成式，或他们的过去完成时加不定式的一般式，可表示过去未曾实现的愿望，计划等，可译为“本打算，原希望”。expect, intend, hope, mean, plan, promise, suppose, think, want, wish, would like to I expected to have met him here last night. 我以为昨天晚上能在这里见到他。（但没做到）2.4不定式的完成进行式不定式的完成进行式表示的动作在谓语之前发生并且一直进行着。 He was said to have been living in London for twenty years. 据说他在伦敦一直住了20年。Im sorry to have been interrupting you. 很抱歉，我一直打扰你。 比较：不定式的时态意义。He is said to be studying abroad. 据说他正在国外读书。（不定式的进行式表示动作正在进行）He is said to have studied abroad. 据说他在国外学习过。（不定式的完成式表示动作已经结束）2.5不定式的被动形式 当不定式逻辑上的主语是这个不定式表示的动作的承受者时，不定式一般要用被动形式。不定式的被动形式根据其与谓语动作发生的先后关系，有一般式和完成时两种。2.5.1一般式 to be doneThese are the books to be given out to the students. 这些是要发给学生的书。 He asked to be sent to the place where he was most needed. 他要求被派往最需要他的地方。2.5.2完成式 to have been doneThe novel is said to have been translated into many languages. 据说这部小说已被译成多种语言。 He appeared to have been questioned for many times. 看起来他已经被询问过很多次了。2.6不定式的否定形式不定式的否定形式由not或never加不定式构成。 Never to have made any mistake is impossible. 从不犯错是不可能的。注意：谓语动词的否定和不定式的否定不同的意义I did not promise to wake him up. 我没有答应叫醒他。I promised not to wake him up. 我答应了不叫醒他。3. 动词不定式的用法 动词不定式除了不能单独作谓语外，几乎能担任句子中所有的句子成分。3.1动词不定式作主语不定式具有名词的特征，可在句子中充当主语。3.1.1不定式短语在句首作主语 To know oneself is difficult. 人贵有自知之明。 To say is one thing and to do is another. 说是一回事，做又是另一回事。 To love and to be loved is the greatest happiness one can get. 爱与被爱是一个人能获得的最大幸福。3.1.2 用it作形式主语在很多情况下，人们通常用it作为形式上的主语，而把不定式移到谓语之后，使句子结构显得平衡一些。Its rude to turn your back to your teacher and refuse to answer.背对着老师，拒绝回答问题是不礼貌的。It is impossible to learn a foreign language without making painstaking effort.想不下苦功就能学会外语是不可能的。It seemed a pity to have wasted so much time. 浪费了这么多时间，真是遗憾。注意：当主语和表语都是不定式时，不能用形式主语代替动词不定式。 To respect others is to be respected. 尊重别人就是尊重自己。 To become a slave is to give up ones freedom. 做奴隶就等于放弃自由。3.2 动词不定式作表语不定式作表语可以说明主语的具体内容或表示目的。 His wish is to become an astronaut. 他的愿望是成为一名宇航员。 What he hoped was to be admitted into the university. 他希望能被大学录取。To live is to do something worthwhile. 活着就是要做一些有价值的事情。注意： 有些作表语的不定式，在结构上是主动的，但在意义上却是被动的。 She is to blame. 她应该受到责备。 The house is to let. 此房出租。 The result is not long to see. 结果不久就会看到。3.3 动词不定式作宾语不定式可以充当部分及物动词的宾语，也可以充当but和except等介词的宾语以及形容词的宾语。3.3.1作动词的宾语3.3.1.1不定式可以充当部分及物动词的宾语。Father likes to listen to music in silence. 父亲喜欢静静地听音乐。He prefers to be starved to death rather than beg. 他宁愿饿死也不愿乞讨。 I never thought to meet you here. 我没想到在这里遇见你。常见的可接不定式作宾语的动词有：afford, agree, aim, arrange, ask, attempt, beg, begin, care, choose, claim, content, continue, contrive, decide, decline, demand, desire, deserve, determine, endeavor, expect, fail，fear, forget, guarantee, happen, hate, help, hesitate, hope, intend, learn, long, manage, mean, need, offer, plan, prefer, pretend, promise，refuse, remember, seek, swear, think, tend, threaten, try，undertake, venture, want，wish 3.3.1.2在feel, find, make, think, consider等动词后，如果宾语带有宾语补足语时，人们常常用it作形式宾语，而把真实宾语放在宾语补足语之后。I found it possible to work out the problem without a computer. 我发现有可能不用计算机而解出这道题目。She made it a rule to get up at five. 她养成了五点起床的习惯。 I feel it a great honor to be invited to speak at the meeting before so many students. 我觉得被邀请在会上面对这么多学生发言是一件很光荣的事情。3.3.2 作介词的宾语不定式可以作介词but和except的宾语。 The teacher made no comments except to tell him to work hard. 老师除了叫他努力学习外，未做任何评价。 He had no choice but to sit there as usual. 他没有什么选择，只好像往常一样坐在那儿。There is nothing we can do but wait patiently. 我们只能耐心等待。注意1：动词不定式通常不作介词的宾语，但动词不定式前如有疑问词时，就可作介词的宾语。Professor Wang gave some advice on how to learn a foreign language. 注意2：带to不定式与不带to不定式的情况:对于边际情态助动词