TOFEL writing重述语意意义写作评分要求。行文需要。2. 方法同义词替换；同根词替换；使用短语进行替换；使用全新的表达法进行替换。1. 同义词替换科学技术的发展使人们能够非常轻松的学习知识。发展 development, progress, update, advance, evolution, growth, expansion,学习知识 acquire accumulategain knowledgeobtainenrich2. 同根词替换方法：添加前缀：改变词的意义。后缀：主要改变词性。优势：避免重复原文当中的词语，显现词汇变化技巧。Happiness v.s. pleasure例如 : 科学技术的 发展使人们 能够非常轻松的学习知识。发展：The development of science and technologyAs science and technology develop 能够：be able to do sthbe capable of doing sthhave the ability (capability) of doing sth enable sb. to do sthMore examples动词转名词 discover discoverymove movementreact reactionfail failurerefuse refusal 形容词转名词careless carelessness difficult difficultydifferent differenceapplicable applicability intense intensity名词化（nominalization）优势：把某些陈述型的句式转化成更客观的评价句，更符合议论文的要求。方法 1：利用动词的名词性后缀， -tion, -ment, -isation, -ness, -ity 等。He can not be persuaded.He is immune to all persuasion.Human activity has damaged natural environment and almost exhausted natural resources.Human activity has caused severe damage to natural environment and natural resources exhaustion. 方法 2：变成动名词形式-ing1) More and more students go abroad because they want to receive better education and find a better job in the future. Going abroad could provide students with better education and a better job in the future.2) If people drink tea habitually over several years, bone density could be preserved in both men and women.Habitual tea drinking over several years preserves bone density in both men and women.3) It reveals human kindness that rich countries give help to other countries in trouble time.Helping other countries in troubled times also reveals human kindness. 方法 3：固定的转换表达if there is no= lack of=the absence of= shortage/ scarcity dont know = the ignorance ofdidnt do =failure in doingcan read/ can write= literacy cant read/ cant write= illiteracy 名词化的结构1. of +nounSome courses are shorter and some are longer.=Courses of varying lengthA truly significant matter= a matter of true significance孩子应该如何度过自己的休闲时间？如果小孩子被家长强迫做一些他们不喜欢的事情，或者他们喜欢做的 事情 被社会忽视为是 没有价值或重要性的 ，他们是不会真正感到快乐的。Children cannot be really happy if they are compelled by parents to do what they do not enjoy doing, or if what they enjoy doing is ignored by society as of no value or importance. 2. Noun+ofTo study Chinese history= the study of Chinese historyTo misunderstand the meaning of happiness=The misunderstanding of the meaning of happiness住城里好还是小镇好？现在， 鼓励、发展 城市已经成为了国家优先政策。 Nowadays, encouragement and development of the city was to be a national priority.3. noun+prep. (with, to about, at)students were able to reach the computer.=students access to the computerTechnology is getting better.=Advance in technology电视对人们生活的影响：很多人是在电视的 陪伴 下长大的，而且一生都在 看电视 。Many people grew up with the television as teachers and babysitters, and have lifelong exposure to its influence.4. with+nounWith indifference With surprising rapidity是否应该永不放弃？我们从小就被教育要 有尊严的 接受失败，当然，这个概念并不是不光彩的。We are taught from childhood to accept defeat with dignity, a conception that is certainly not ignoble.5. sbs +nounThey are astonished= their astonishmentHe supports= his support野生动物保护的重要性：认识到野生动物保护的重要性，我不禁要想人们应该采取怎样的措施确保 它们能生存下去 。 Being aware of animals significance, I could not help wondering what steps man could take to ensure their survival.6. Noun电视对人们生活的影响：和报纸、杂志不同，电视不需要 会读书、认字 。Unlike newspapers and magazines, television does not require literacy.如何定义幸福？并不是所有人都这样，但有专家指出幸福感更多来源于努力实现梦想的过程，而不是 收获最终结果的时候 。Not at all, experts say, but they claim true happiness comes more in the striving to fulfill desires than in the attainment.Summary 1. S+VHe escaped.= his escapeWorld population has grown.= the growth of world population2. S+V+OHe controlled the environment.= His control of the environmentHe depended on them.=His dependence on them3. S+V+O+OHe denied any opportunity to his opponents.=his deny of any opportunity to his opponents4. S+V+O+CThey elected her as the leader.=their election of her as the leader5. S+Be+PHe is intelligent.= his intelligenceHer statement is true.=the truth of her statementLearn by doing!The ancient Greeks developed geometry, which helped other European scientists analyze the solar system, which in turn helped us to understand our place in the universe.The ancient Greeks development of geometry provided a great help in other European scientists analysis of the solar system, which in turn offered us a new understanding of our place in the universe. 如何使用“名词化”？1. 名词化的部分是主语。What we have decided might lead to costly consequences.This decision can lead to costly consequences. 2.把名词化和被动结合起来。If people decide without enough persuasive information, If a decision is reached without enough persuasive information, 3. 前文出现过可用。We have captured Saddam Hussein, which does not mean that conflic