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第 2章 英语动词的分类编制人:何新武第 2章 动词 的分 类英语动词的名称很多:有谓语动词和非谓语动词,助动词和主动词,及物动词和不及物动词,动作动词和状态动词,规则动词和不规则动词,连系动词,情态动词,短语动词,等等。听着这一大堆名称,我们就觉得头昏脑胀。其实,如果我们知道它们分类的依据,正确地理解这些概念,并没有我们想的那么难。2.1 谓语动词和非谓语动词依据是否充当谓语动词,一个句子中的动词可以分为谓语动词和非谓语动词。在第 1章 1.3中,我们知道 谓语动词 一定具备两个特征:一 有主语 , 并与主语在人称和数上保持一致 ;二 有时态和语态 的形式 。 它是一个句子和一个从句必不可少的部分。例如: He knows me, John came yesterday afternoon.例如: He is a businessman knowing many politicians他是一个认识很多政客的商人。knowing用作动词带宾语 many politicians,同时又起形容词作用,修饰 businessman这个名词。又如: He wants to go to the market. 他想去市场。to go是动词,带状语 to the market,又起名词作用,作及物动词 wants的宾语。再如: Coming up to her, he bowed politely.他来到她跟前,礼貌地鞠躬。coming起副词的作用,修饰动词 bowed。非谓语动词 (即不定式、 -ing形式和过去分词),不仅用作动词,还起形容词、副词或名词的作用,它无需与主语一致,也不是一个句子或从句必不可少的。另外,一个句子或分句一般只需一个谓语动词(除非有由连词连接的更多个谓语动词 )。如: He got up, brushed teeth and washed his hands and face. 而非谓语动词可以不要,也可以有许多。如在 He asked me to teach him how to operate the new mobilephone bought yesterday.中有一个谓语动词,三个非谓语动词。又如在 He denies having asked her to run away from her family.中有一个谓语动词和两个非谓语动词。 现在时 过去时 将来时 过去将来时一般 ask / asks asked shall/will ask should/would ask进行 am/is/are asking was/were asking shall/will be asking should/would be asking完成 have/has asked had asked shall/will have askedshould/would have asked完成进行 have/has been askinghad been asking shall/will have been askingshould/would have been asking我们平时讲 动词的时态实际上就是指谓语动词的时态 。换言之,某动词的一种时态就是它的一种谓语动词的形式。以 ask为例,其 16种时态的构成形式,也就是其 16种谓语动词的形式。 列表如下 : 练习 1 根据以上表格完成 16种时态的名称:英语 16种时态的名称一般现在时 过去将来时现在进行时 将来进行 时过去完成时 过 去 将 来完 成 时过去 完成进 行 时将 来 完 成进 行 时一般过去时 一般将来时过去进行时 过 去 将 来进 行 时现在完成时 将来完成时现在完成进 行 时过 去 将 来完成进行时【 注 】 主动词包括连系动词和实义动词。实义动词又分及物动词和不及物动词 。 情态动词也是助动词 ,因它的特殊性,我们以后讨论 。这里着重讨论 5个基本助动词 : be, have, do,will,shall.在 16种时态中, 一般现在时和一般过去时这两种时态的谓语动词在肯定句中,没有助动词,只有主动词;其它时态都有 一到三个 助动词。2.2 助动词和主动词谓语动词可以是一个词,如: She is an artist. He saw me John spoke Spanish也可以由几个词构成,通常有一个主要动词(简称 主动词 )和一到三个 起辅助作用的动词(简称 助动词 ) 。如:He will come ( 1个助动词 +主动词 come)He may be killed ( 2个助动词 +主动词 killed)Wang must have been cheated ( 3个助动词 +主动词 cheated)1. I will have the soup. ( )2. Police are investigating the incident. ( )3. It is very peaceful here. ( )4. Where does your brother work? ( )5. They have decided to advertise your job. ( )6. He does his homework on the way to school. ( )7. She had had her supper when I called her. ( ) 练习 2 判断下列划线的动词是主动词( 用 M表示 )还是助动词( 用 A表示 ):MMMMAAA2.3 助动词的作用 这里讲它的四个主要作用 :即 帮助 构成时态、否定、疑问和被动语态 。1)帮助构成时态a.助动词 be + asking(现在分词 )构成进行时:be动词的现在式 am/is/are + asking 现在进行时be动词的过去式 was/were + asking 过去进行b.助动词 have + asked (过去分词 )构成完成时:have 的现在式 have/has + asked 现在完成时have 的过去式 had + asked 过去完成时 c.助动词 shall/will + ask (动词原形 )构成将来时:现在式 shall/will + ask (动词原形 ) 一般将来时过去式 should/would + ask (动词原形 ) 过去将来时d.其他时态可依照上面自己推出,并要求记住时态表格。点击此处复习时态 有助动词时,在第一个助动词的后面加 not,其它动词不变。 一般现在时和一般过去时行为动词的主动语态 的肯定句没有助动词,我们可以分别在它们的 主谓之间加 do not/does not 和 did not,再把主动词改为动词原形 。注: 如果这两种时态 有 be动词的一种形式, 如 : He is a clever boy. She was a nice girl. 在其 be动词后加 not即可 。 2)帮助构成否定对谓语动词进行否定,可采用下列方式:1.I watch TV. 2.We have been playing football. 3.It is boring. 4.She cleans her room. 5.Sandy has taken nice photos today. 6.He buys a new CD. 7.She has a cat. 8.They collected postcards. 练习 3将下列句子变成否定句 :I do not watch TV.We have not been playing football. It is not boring.She does not clean her room.Sandy has not taken nice photos today.They did not collect postcards.He does not buy a new CD.She does not have a cat. or She has not (got) a cat.9.They were jumping high. 10.Albert had left two days before. Albert had not left two days before. 11.The teacher tested our English. The teacher did not test our English.12.Fiona will visit her grandma. Fiona will not visit her grandma. 13.You were thirsty. 14.He had a computer. 15.I bought bread. 16.You saw the house. You were not thirsty.They were not jumping high.He did not have a computer.I did not buy bread.You did not see the house.3)帮助构成疑问 这里只讲 四 种情况。 变一般疑问句,把第一个助动词提到主语前面 ,且注意字母大小写和标点的变化。 一般现在时和一般过去时主动语态 的肯定句 没有助动词,我们可以分别在它们的 主语 前加 do /does 和did,再把主动词改为动词原形 ,同样注意字母大小写和标点的变化。 变特殊疑问句 , 一 般是 疑问词( 及所修饰的部分 )+ 一般疑问句 ( - 疑问词所替代的部分 ) 。 就主语部分提问,用疑问词代替主语部分,其他部分不变, 同样注意字母大小写和标点的变化。 练习 4 陈 述句 变 一般疑 问句1. His father is an English teacher. _ ?2. These cats are crying. _ ?3. They can swim. _ ?4. I like to read English. _ ?5. I go to school on foot. _ ?6. He likes English. _ ?7. His father goes to work by bus. _ ?8. He is crying under the tree. _ ?1. His father is an English teacher. Is his father an English teacher?2. T
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