备考大学英语应用能力考试,第一部分 语法和词汇第二部分 翻译第三部分 写作,第一部分 语法和词汇 第一章 重点语法项目介绍第二章 多项选择题,第三部分 写作 第一章 写作介绍 第二章 写作练习,从历年考试试题分析来看，PRETCO语法(Structure)考查重点主要是：动词时态和语态、非谓语动词(动词不定式、分词和动名词)、情态动词、状语从句、定语从句、倒装句、强调句、反意问句、虚拟语气、代词、形容词和副词等。考生要对上述语法项目从概念到应用上下功夫。现就各项目的考核重点分别简单叙述如下(其中有些例句选自历年考试试题)：,第一章 重点语法项目介绍,一、动词的时态和语态考核重点：过去完成时。注意：过去完成时常常和before，after，until，when等引导的时间状语从句连用，其谓语动词的动作一般表示过去。常用句型如下： by the time(the end)of+表示过去时间的短语或句子； hardly (scarcely)+过去完成时+when+过去时； no sooner+过去完成时+than+过去时；现在完成时和现在完成进行时。常用时间状语有： this day(week，month，year)，so far，for some time，up to now，up to the present，all this year(month，week)等；将来完成时。常与before，until，when，after等连词引导的时间状语从句连用，其谓语动词的动作一般表示将来。常用句型如下： by the time(the end)0f+表示将来时间的短语或句子。,例句： 1.He said:“I_ a lot of new words by the end of last year”(200212 B级) A) had already learnt B)would have already learnt C) have already learnt D)already learnt答案： 。句中时间状语by the end of last year表明谓语动词要用过去完成时态。2. The project to clear up the polluted river_by the end of next year(20026 B级) A) is being completed B)will have been completed C) has been completed D)will have completed答案： 。句中时间状语by the end of next year表明谓语动词要用将来完成时。3. The students_ their papers by the end of this month(20026 A级) A) will have finished B)have been finishing C) have finished D)will be finishing答案： 。句中时间状语by the end of this month表明谓语动词要用将来完成时。,A),B),A),4. Up till now I(spend)_ a great deal of money on books，magazines and newspapers. (20036 B级) A) spent C) had spent B) have spent D) am going to spend答案： 。句中的时间状语up till now要求谓语动词用现在完成时。5. Until then_ his family from him for several months A)hadnt heard C) didnt hear B) hasnt heard D) hasnt been hearing答案： 。句中的状语until then和for several months可以判断谓语动词用过去完成时。6Hardly _we _ the railway station when it began to rain heavily A) hadgot to B) havegot to C) didget to D) doget to答案： 。“hardly+过去完成时+when+过去时”句型。,B),A),A),二、动词不定式考核重点：不定式的完成式、进行式和被动式。例句：1. He was very sorry_ her at the airport(20026 A级) A) to have not met B) not to have met C) not to meet D) to not meet 答案： 。动词不定式的完成式否定。2. 1d rather read than watch television；the programs seem _all the time. A) to get worse B) getting worse C) to have got worse D) to be getting worse答案： 。不定式的进行式，表示“一直是”的意思。3. Mr. Smith preferred _ heavier work to do A) to be given B) to give C) to have given D) having given 答案： 。不定式的被动式。,B),D),A),4. A Dream of the Red Chamber is said _ into more than ten languages in the last decade A) to have translated B)to translate C) to have been translated D)to be translated 答案： 。不定式的被动完成式。,C),三、动词的现在分词和过去分词考核重点：分词或分词短语作状语。注意：当分词或分词短语作状语时，其逻辑主语一般与句子主语保持一致。分词或分词短语作状语可以表示时间、原因、条件、方式、让步和伴随状态等；当分词或分词短语作状语时，如果其逻辑主语与句子主语不一致，便要使用分词的独立结构，即带逻辑主语的分词短语，表示时间、原因、条件、伴随状况等；分词作定语、宾语补语及表语。例句：1. The May Day Holiday _over，we must now get down to work(200112 A级) A) be B) being C) to have been D) to be答案： 。带逻辑主语的现在分词短语作状语，是独立主格结构。2. Thousands of products_ from crude oil are now in daily use(20036 A级) A) to make B) be made C) making D) made 答案： 。分词作后置定语修饰名词。,B),D),3. I have found some articles _ the harmful effects of drinking(200312 A级) A) being concerned B) concerned C) to concern D) concerning 答案： 。concerning应为宾语some articles的补足语。这里宾语和宾语补足语的关系是主动的，故用现在分词。4. I stayed up all night _ to find a new solution to the problem(20046 A级) A) trying B) have tried C) try D) tried 答案： 。现在分词短语作目的状语。5. _ such a good chance，he planned to learn more A)To be give B) Having been given C) Having given D) Giving 答案： 。被动完成式现在分词作状语表示条件。,D),A),B),四、动名词考核重点：只跟动名词作宾语的动词有：admit，enjoy，include，involvepractise，excuse，postpone mind，dislike，mention，imaginesuggest，delay，miss，understand，hate，like，favor，escapedeny，consider，appreciate，avoid，risk等。例句：1. I dont mind _ all that way in such bad weather(20016 A级) A) go B) gone C) going D) to go 答案： 。动词mind后面要求v一ing的形式(动名词)作宾语。2. Jane always enjoys _to popular music at home on Friday evenings(20036 A级) A) listening B) being listening C) to be listening D) to listen 答案： 。enjoy喜欢，后接动名词作宾语。,C),A),3. They are considering _ before the price go up A) of buying the house B)with buying the house C) buying the house D)to buy the house答案： 。consider后接动名词作宾语。4. Its no use _ me not to worry A) you tell B) your telling C) for you to have told D) having told答案： 。Its no use +ving句型要求。这里是带逻辑主语的动名词结构。,