0新型多级真空蒸馏海水淡化装置李星煜北京市东城区培新街 6 号北京汇文中学高三年级 1摘 要海水淡化是解决世界性淡水资源短缺问题的重要途径。为提高海水淡化效率、降低制造和运行成本，本研究对现有海水淡化装置进行改进，通过实现真空蒸馏、扩展蒸馏级数、引入余热回收系统和流量调节阀、稳定性验证实验，研制出了无喷淋装置、可回收淡水余热的新型多级真空蒸馏海水淡化装置。本装置制造和运行成本低，排出的浓海水温度低、流量小、浓度可调节，并成功消除了补水中的过冷现象。通过安装捕沫网、实现自动控制、使用有保温层的不锈钢外壳及铜制冷凝管，本装置可直接应用于工业海水淡化，理论造水比可达 26。本装置为制造大型高效海水淡化装置提供了新的理论支持和实践基础。关键词：海水淡化，真空蒸馏，无喷淋装置，余热回收，造水比 2AbstractNowadays, more and more people are suffering from fresh water shortage. One of the most important approaches to resolving this worldwide problem is seawater desalination. In order to improve desalination efficiency and reduce manufacturing and operating costs, I made improvements of existing apparatus through choosing suitable condenser unit, enlarging stages, introducing the heat recovery system and volume controlling valves. The non-spray desalination apparatus I developed with fresh water heat recovery system has advantages of low concentrated temperature, small volume of flow and adjustable concentration of seawater. It also successfully eliminated over-cold refreshment. With the installment of filter, realization of automatic controlling and the use of stainless steel, the advanced desalination apparatus of multistage vacuum distillation can be directly applied in industrial desalination and its theoretic water producing ratio can reach 26, which is a huge improvements to existing apparatus. This research can provide new theoretic support and practical basis for manufacturing of large-scale, high-performance desalination apparatus. 3目 录1.研究背景 .41.1.淡水资源短缺现状及解决途径 .41.2.蒸馏法海水淡化技术 .41.2.1.多级闪蒸（MSF）海水淡化装置 .41.2.2.多效蒸馏（MED）海水淡化装置 .51.2.3.多级闪蒸（MSF）与多效蒸馏（MED）海水淡化装置的缺陷 .51.3.研究目的及意义 .62.研究过程 .62.1.研究思路 .62.2.研究方法及器材 .62.2.1.真空泵62.2.2.蒸馏和冷凝装置 .72.2.3.实验用水72.2.4.其他材料72.3.二级蒸馏器实验 .72.4.六级真空蒸馏装置实验 .82.4.1.六级真空蒸馏装置的工作原理 .82.4.2.实验过程. 92.4.3.实验数据及分析 .92.4.4.实验总结及下一步设想 .102.5.无喷淋装置、有淡水余热回收系统的六级真空蒸馏海水淡化装置 .112.5.1.装置的组成和工作原理 .112.5.2.实验过程.122.5.3.实验数据.122.6.高盐度海水淡化实验 .132.7.探究可能影响实验的因素 .132.7.1.海水沸点的改变 .132.7.2.玻璃仪器对温度测量的影响 .143.实验结论与创新点 .143.1.实验结论 .143.2.创新点 .144.讨论 .154.1.本装置造水比的理论分析 .154.2.本装置能耗的计算、分析及比较 .