威 学 教 育 |专 注 雅 思 、 托 福 等 出 国 考 试 培 训 网 址 ：www.weixue100.com【王鑫托福阅读 】托福 TPO 13-3 阅读文本TPO 13Tpo13-3 Methods of Studying Infant Perception1. Paragraph 1 indicates that researchers use indirect methods primarily to observe theA range of motor activity in neonates B frequency and duration of various stimuli C change in an infants state following the introduction of a stimulusD range of an infants visual field2. The word uniformly in the passage is closest in meaning to A clearlyB quickly C consistently D occasionally3. Why does the author mention repetitive followingmovements of the eye? A To identify a response thatindicates a neonates perception of a stimulus B To explain why a neonate is capable of responding to stimuli only through repetitive movements C To argue that motor activity in a neonate may be random and unrelated to stimuli D To emphasize that responses to stimuli vary in infants according to ageIn the study of perceptual abilities of infants, a number of techniques are used to determine infants responses to various stimuli. Because they cannot verbalize or fill out questionnaires, indirect techniques of naturalistic observation are used as the primary means of determining what infants can see, hear, feel, and so forth. Each of these 威 学 教 育 |专 注 雅 思 、 托 福 等 出 国 考 试 培 训 网 址 ：www.weixue100.commethods compares an infants state prior to the introduction of a stimulus with its state during or immediately following the stimulus. The difference between the two measures provides the researcher with an indication of the level and duration of the response to the stimulus. For example, if a uniformly moving pattern of some sort is passed across the visual field of a neonate (newborn), repetitive following movements of the eye occur. The occurrence of these eye movements provides evidence that the moving pattern is perceived at some level by the newborn. Similarly, changes in the infants general level of motor activity turning the head, blinking the eyes, crying, and so forth have been used by researchers as visual indicators of the infants perceptual abilities.4. Which of the following is NOT mentioned in paragraph 2 as a problem in using the technique of direct observation?A It is impossible to be certain of the actual cause of an infants response.B Infants responses, which occur quickly and diffusely, are often difficult to measure.C Infants do not respond well to stimuli presented in an unnatural laboratory setting.D It may be difficult for observers to agree on the presence or the degree of a response.Such techniques, however, have limitations. First, the observation may be unreliable in that two or more observers may not agree that the particular response occurred, or to what degree it occurred. Second, responses are difficult to quantify. Often the rapid and diffuse movements of the infant make it difficult to get an accurate record of the number of responses. The third, and most potent, limitation is that it is not possible to be certain that the infants response was due to the stimulus presented or to a change from no stimulus to a stimulus. The infant may be responding to aspects of the stimulus different than those5. identified by the investigator. Therefore, when 威 学 教 育 |专 注 雅 思 、 托 福 等 出 国 考 试 培 训 网 址 ：www.weixue100.comobservational assessment is used as a technique forstudying infant perceptual abilities, care must betaken not to overgeneralize from the data or to relyon one or two studies as conclusive evidence of aparticular perceptual ability of the infant.The word potent in the passage is closest in meaning toA artificial B powerful C common D similar6. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information. A Researchers using observational assessment techniques on infants must not overgeneralize and must base their conclusions on data from many studies.B On the basis of the data from one or two studies, it seems that some infants develop a particular perceptual ability not observed in others.C To use data from one or two studies on infants perceptual abilities, it is necessary to use techniques that will provide conclusive evidence.D When researchers fail to make generalizations from their studies, their observed data is often inconclusive.indications of an infants heightened interest in a new stimulus EXCEPT an increase in A sucking behavior B heart rateC the number of breaths taken D eye movements 威 学 教 育 |专 注 雅 思 、 托 福 等 出 国 考 试 培 训 网 址 ：www.weixue100.com7. What is the authors primary purpose in paragraph 3? A To explain why researchers must conduct more than one type of study when they are attempting to understand infant perceptionB To describe new techniques for observing infant perception that overcome problems identified in the previous paragraphC To present and evaluate the conclusions